Duchowieństwo, inaczej kler (łac. Clerus, z gr. Kléros) – ogół duchownych danego Kościoła lub wspólnoty religijnej[1].
Pojęcie stanu duchownego powstało w prawie wyznaniowym, które zazwyczaj odróżnia duchowieństwo, czyli kler (gr. kléros „udział”), od wiernych, czyli laikatu (gr. laos „lud”).
W Kościele katolickim duchownym jest ten, który przyjął święcenia, czyli diakon, prezbiter i biskup. Zakonnicy, którzy nie przyjęli święceń kapłańskich, określani są poprawnie jako osoby konsekrowane. Tak więc osoba zakonna może być osobą konsekrowaną nienależącą do stanu duchownego lub należeć do obu tych stanów jednocześnie.
Z tego punktu widzenia rozróżnia się duchowieństwo zakonne (łac. clerici regulares – osoby duchowne, które złożyły równocześnie śluby zakonne) i duchowieństwo diecezjalne (inaczej: duchowieństwo świeckie; łac. clerici seculares – osoby duchowne, które nie złożyły ślubów zakonnych).
Osobami konsekrowanymi są także członkowie instytutów świeckich, którzy jednak z definicji – jako konsekrowane osoby świeckie – nie mogą być osobami duchownymi.
Od innych średniowiecznych stanów różnił się tym, że był zasilany wyłącznie przez osoby z innych stanów, a to ze względu na obowiązujący w Kościele rzymskokatolickim celibat.
Jako stan społeczny (a więc w innym sensie) duchowieństwo wyodrębniło się w Polsce w XIII wieku, kiedy arcybiskup Henryk Kietlicz uzyskał od książąt piastowskich przywileje: borzykowski (1210) i wolborski (1215), nadające immunitety sądowy i podatkowy dobrom kościelnym. Tym samym Kościół katolicki w Polsce wyodrębnił się spod władzy książąt, zwolniony z podatków na rzecz państwa i poddany wyłącznie własnym sądom kościelnym.
W średniowieczu duchowieństwo miało największy bezpośredni wpływ na ludność, a pośredni poprzez papieża i biskupów na króla. Przykładem może być pełnienie przez prymasa urzędu interrexa.
Julia RobertsJulia Roberts di Festival Film Cannes tahun 2016LahirJulia Fiona RobertsTinggi173 cm (5 ft 8 in)Suami/istriLyle Lovett (1993 - 1995)Daniel Moder (2002 - sekarang)Anak(kembar) Hazel Patricia Moder dan Phinnaeus Walter Moder (2004) Henry Daniel Moder (2007) Julia Fiona Roberts (lahir 28 Oktober 1967) adalah seorang aktris Amerika Serikat pemenang Academy Award yang juga mantan fashion model, Dia mulai dikenal sebagai bintang besar Hollywood setelah berperan dalam film k…
2006 French filmWhen I Was a SingerDirected byXavier GiannoliWritten byXavier GiannoliProduced byPierre-Ange Le PogamEdouard WeilStarringGérard DepardieuCécile De FranceCinematographyYorick Le SauxEdited byMartine GiordanoMusic byAlexandre DesplatDistributed byEuropaCorp DistributionRelease date 26 May 2006 (2006-05-26) Running time112 minutesCountryFranceLanguageFrenchBox office$10,205,575[1] When I Was a Singer (French: Quand j'étais chanteur) is a 2006 French musical…
Баланчивадзе Андрій Мелітоновичгруз. ანდრია ბალანჩივაძეІм'я при народженні груз. ანდრია ბალანჩივაძეНародився 19 травня (1 червня) 1906Санкт-Петербург, Російська імперія[1]Помер 28 квітня 1992(1992-04-28)[2][3] (85 років)Тбілісі, ГрузіяПоховання Дідубійськ
Just for Laughs Museum / Muséé Juste pour rireEstablished1993Dissolved2011Location2111, boulevard Saint Laurent, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.TypeHumourWebsitemusee.hahaha.com/accueil.jsp The Just for Laughs Museum (French: Muséé Juste pour rire) was a Canadian museum that opened in 1993, dedicated to humour (mainly stand-up comedy) located in Montreal, Quebec. The museum closed in 2011.[1] It had been visited by more than two million people since its opening.[2] History Inflatab…
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此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2009年3月8日)維基百科所有的內容都應該可供查證。请协助補充可靠来源以改善这篇条目。无法查证的內容可能會因為異議提出而被移除。 正常的基督徒生活原名The Normal Christian Life作者倪柝声类型中国基督教新教地方教会语言英语、汉语等多种语言主题基督徒生活發行信息出版机构上海福音书房台湾福音书房、水流职事站出版地 中華民國…
2000 video gameNCAA Football 2001Developer(s)EA SportsPublisher(s)EA SportsSeriesNCAA FootballPlatform(s)PlayStationReleaseNA: July 26, 2000[1]Genre(s)Sports, American footballMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer NCAA Football 2001 is a video game of the sports genre released in 2000 by EA Sports. Its cover athlete is former University of Alabama running back Shaun Alexander. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings82%[2]Review scoresPublicationScoreCNET Gamecen…
У этого топонима есть и другие значения, см. Горка. ДеревняГорка 62°24′01″ с. ш. 45°11′29″ в. д.HGЯO Страна Россия Субъект Федерации Архангельская область Муниципальный округ Верхнетоемский История и география Высота центра 90 м Часовой пояс UTC+3:00 Население Населени…
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Most Precious Order of Princely Heritage Star of a Grand CrossAwarded by Monarch of Antigua and BarbudaTypeNational orderMottoSafeguarding Our HeritageEligibilityCitizens of Antigua and Barbuda and citizens of other countriesAwarded forInvaluable service to Antigua and Barbuda, the Caricom region or to the international community in any field of heritage and other cultural endeavoursStatusCurrently constitutedSovereignCharles IIIChancellorGovernor General of Antigua and BarbudaGradesGrand Cross …
Railway station in Athens, Greece For the Athens Metro station, see Irakleio metro station. ΗράκλειοIraklioGeneral informationLocationIrakleio, 141 22, North AthensCoordinates38°03′26″N 23°46′17″E / 38.057227°N 23.771267°E / 38.057227; 23.771267Owned byGAIAOSE[1]Line(s)Airport–Patras railway[2]Platforms2Tracks3Train operatorsHellenic TrainConstructionPlatform levels2ParkingYesBicycle facilitiesNoAccessible Other informationStatusStaff…
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Kuwaiti actor and director (1958–2023) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Arabic. (September 2014) Click [show] for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider add…
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مملكة إسبانياهذا المقال هو جزء من سلسلة مقالات عن سياسة إسبانيا الدستور دستور 1978 المحكمة الدستورية حقوق الإنسان الضرائب التاج الملكية الملك فيليب السادس أميرة أستورياس ليونور العائلة الملكية السلطة التنفيذية السلطة التنفيذية الحكومة حكومة راخوي الثانية رئيس الوزراء (قائ…
Emperor of Vijayanagara This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Harihara II – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Harihara IIVaidikamarga Sthapanacharya Vedamarga Pravartaka.Gold Pagoda of Harihara IIVijayanagara EmperorReign1377 …
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British politician The Right HonourableJesse CollingsParliamentary Secretary to the Local Government BoardIn office1886–1886MonarchVictoriaPreceded byThe Earl BrownlowSucceeded byWilliam Copeland Borlase Personal detailsBorn2 December 1831Died20 November 1920SpouseEmily Oxenbould (m. 1858)Children1 daughter Jesse Collings PC (2 December 1831 – 20 November 1920) was Mayor of Birmingham, England, a Liberal (later Liberal Unionist) member of Parliament, but was best known nationally in the UK a…
Public university in Baghdad, Iraq Nahrain Universityجامعة النهرينNahrain University logoMottoوقل رب زدني علما [O Lord, Increase my Knowledge]TypePublicEstablished1987PresidentMohammed Sahib Mahdi Saleh Al-TaiLocationBaghdad, IraqCampusUrbanWebsite[1] Nahrain University Entrance Nahrain University (Arabic: جامعة النهرين), also known as Al-Nahrain University, is a coeducational public university established in 1987 and located in Baghdad, Iraq. The university …
Map of the Maumee River watershed showing the Little Auglaize River. The Little Auglaize River is a 47.0-mile-long (75.6 km)[1] tributary of the Auglaize River in northwest Ohio in the United States. It drains a primarily rural farming area in the watershed of Lake Erie. It rises in southern Van Wert County, approximately 10 miles (16 km) south of Van Wert. It flows northeast past Middle Point. Near Ottoville in western Putnam County it turns north-northwest for its lower 10 mi…
Mexican-American streaming video service owned by TV Azteca azteca NowType of siteOTT video streaming platformAvailable inSpanishHeadquartersNew York City, U.S.Area servedCanadaUnited StatesLatin AmericaEuropeOwnerICARO Media GroupTV Azteca[1]ProductsStreaming mediaVideo on demandServicesFilm distributionVideo distributionURLaztecanow.comLaunchedAugust 10, 2021 (2021-08-10)[2]Current statusOperating Azteca Now (stylized: azteca Now) is a free-over-th…
Former kenesa in Kyiv, Ukraine Karaite Kenesa, KyivReligionAffiliationKaraiteLocationLocation Kyiv, UkraineArchitectureArchitect(s)Władysław HorodeckiCompleted1902 The Karaite Kenesa of Kyiv is a former Kenesa (Karaite synagogue) in Kyiv, Ukraine. It is located in Yaroslaviv Val Street 7, close to the Golden Gates of Kyiv and is considered to be one of the remarkable monuments of architecture and artwork in Kyiv. Nowadays, it is known as the Ukrainian House of Actors. History The Karaite synag…
19th season of the UEFA club football tournament 1973–74 European CupThe Heysel Stadium in Brussels hosted the final.Tournament detailsDates19 September 1973 – 17 May 1974Teams31Final positionsChampions Bayern Munich (1st title)Runners-up Atlético MadridTournament statisticsMatches played60Goals scored180 (3 per match)Attendance1,694,422 (28,240 per match)Top scorer(s)Gerd Müller (Bayern Munich)8 goals← 1972–73 1974–75 → International football competition The…
American politician (1786–1862) Churchill C. CambrelengUnited States Minister to RussiaIn officeSeptember 21, 1840 – July 13, 1841PresidentMartin Van Buren William Henry Harrison John TylerPreceded byGeorge M. DallasSucceeded byCharles S. ToddMember of theU.S. House of Representativesfrom New YorkIn officeDecember 3, 1821 – March 3, 1839Preceded byHenry MeigsPeter H. WendoverSucceeded byMoses H. GrinnellEdward CurtisJames MonroeOgden HoffmanConstituency2nd district (1821…
Passenger ferry service in New York City Staten Island FerryLocaleStaten Island and Manhattan, New York CityWaterwayUpper New York BayTransit typePassenger ferryOperatorNew York City Department of TransportationBegan operation1817System length5.2 mi (8.4 km)No. of lines1No. of vessels10No. of terminals2 (Whitehall, St. George)Yearly ridership13,617,400 (2022)[1]Connections at Whitehall TerminalTrain at South Ferry at Bowling Green BusM15, M15 SBS, …
2008 murder of a politician's brother in Singapore Tan Lead SaneBornTan Lead Sane1975SingaporeDied28 June 2008 (aged 33)Paya Lebar, SingaporeCause of deathStabbing to the chest and abdomenResting placeChoa Chu Kang Christian cemeteryNationalitySingaporeanOccupationComputer engineerKnown forMurder victimSpouseHuang Mei ZheChildren1 daughter, 1 sonParent(s)Ng Bee Hion (mother)Tan Soo Phuan (father) On 28 June 2008, 25-year-old Wu Yun Yun (吴云云 Wú Yúnyún), a Chinese national and w…
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