’Phags-pa-skrift

Kristen gravstein fra Quanzhou datert 1314, skrevet med 'phags-pa-skrift.
Keiserlig edikt skrevet i «drageåret» (1328?)

'Phags-pa-skrift (mongolsk: дөрвөлжин үсэг, dörvöljin üseg, «firkantskrift»; tibetansk: ཧོར་ཡིག་གསར་པ་, hor yig gsar pa, «ny mongolsk skrift»; kinesisk: 蒙古新字, měnggǔ xīnzì, «ny mongolsk skrift») var en abugida utviklet av den tibetanske lamaen Drogön Chögyal Phagpa for keiser Kublai-khan under Yuandynastiet i Kina som en forent skrift for alle språk innen Yuandynastiet.

I 1269 ble det mongolenes offisielle skriftsystem. Imidlertid klarte man ikke å få skriften særlig utbredt. Den opphørte fullt og helt da dynastiet ble styrtet av Mingdynastiet. Den utførlige dokumentasjonen om dens anvendelse gir moderne lingvister mange ledetråder tll hvordan kinesisk og andre asiatiske språk ble forandret i perioden.

Historie

Sammenligning mellom bokstaver i'Phags-pa og koreansk hangul

Det tradisjonelle uigurske alfabet var dårlig egnet for det mongolske språk og det ville være upraktisk å utøke det for språk med en annerledes fonologi, som for eksempel kinesisk. Under Yuandynastiet bad Kublai Khan derfor Phagpa om å utvikle en ny skrift som skulle benyttes i hele riket. Phagpa utøket sin egen tibetanske skrift (tilhørende brahmi-familien) slik at den også dekket mongolsk og kinesisk. De resulterende 38 bokstavene har vært kjent under flere navn, som «firkantskrift» basert på sin form, men i dag er de fremst kjent som 'phags-pa.

Trass i sin opprinnelse skrev man (ovenfra og ned) i likhet med den mongolske skrift. Den fikk aldri noen bred aksept, og gikk ut av bruk da Yuandynastiet falt i 1368. Deretter ble det mest benyttet av mongoler som et hjelpemiddel for å lære seg kinesiske tegn. En del vitenskapsfolk, som Gari Ledyard, anser at 'Phags-pa var en av kildene til den koreanske hangeul-skriften.

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