Zemene Mesafint

Kart over Etiopia på slutten av 1800-tallet
Keiser Tewodros II

Zemene Mesafint (transkribert ge'ez: zamana masāfint, moderne ge'ez zemene mesāfint, oversatt som Dommernes tidsalder, Prinsenes tidsalder e.l. etter Dommernes bok) var en periode i etiopisk historie som var preget av isolasjon og konflikter mellom krigsherrer, hvor keiseren hadde liten reel makt, stort sett bare over byen Gondar, og hvor både kulturen og samfunnet i Etiopia stagnerte.

Motsetninger mellom religioner (særlig mellom etiopisk-ortodokse kristne og muslimer, og også innenfor den etiopiske kirke), språkgrupper (oromo og amharisk) og nasjonaliteter som hadde levd sammen i riket for hundrevis av år (agaw, amhara, shewa og tigray-tigrinya, i tillegg til oromo-nykommerne) ble brukt som motivasjon av krigsherrer for å krige med hverandre.

Tidsløp

Tradisjonelt har Zemene Mesafint blitt tidsatt fra 7. mai 1769, da Ras Mikael Sehul avsatte keiser Iyoas I til 11. februar 1855, da Kassa Haile Giorgis ble kronet keiser Tewodros II, etter å ha nedkjempet alle sine rivaler. Starten på perioden kan også regnes som 13. oktober 1706, da Iyasu I ble myrdet, og den resultrende negangen for keiserdynastiet, eller fra starten av Iyoas' styre, 26. juni 1855.

Anarki

Under Zemene Mesafint ble stadig nye keisere innsatt av adelen, og ikke alle kom fra det salomoiske dynasti. Etiopia utenfor Gondar ble preget av stadige etniske konflikter. Den mektige krigsherren Ras Mikael Sehul, guvernøren av Tigray-provinsen, kom til å spille en viktig rolle tidlig i perioden, og utnevnte flere ksiere. Det oromiske Yejju-dynastiet spilte også en viktig rolle under Zemene Mesafint.

På starten av 1800-tallet kjempet Ras Gugsa av Begemder og Ras Wolde Selassie av Tigray over kontroll over keiser Egwale Seyon. Wolde Selassie vant, og styrte praktisk talt Etiopia fram til hans død i 1816.

På grunn av de stadige krigene reiste få europeere til Etiopia i denne perioden.

Keiser Tewodros gjernforener Etiopia

Zemene Mesafint slutta med at Ras Kassa Hailu, senere kjent som Tewodros II, kjempet seg til makten i landet. Først skaffet han seg kontroll over Dembiya-provinsen, og etter en serie slag fra Gur Amba i 1852 til Derasge i 1855 kontrollerte han hele Etiopia. Dermed var den keiserlige makten i Etiopia atter en gang kontrollerte av en enkelt mann, noe som regnes som slutten på Zemene Mesafint og begynnelsen på det moderne Etiopias historie.

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