Vannklokke

En oppstilling av to vannklokker fra Antikkens agoramuseum i Athen. Den øverste er en original fra slutten av 400-tallet f.Kr. Den nederste er en moderne rekonstruksjon.

Vannklokke eller klepsydra (gresk: κλεψύδρα fra κλέπτειν, kleptein, «å stjele» (se kleptomani); ὕδωρ, hydor, «vann»)[1][2] er et instrument som brukes til å måle tid med. Tiden blir målt ved at vann rant gjennom et kar på et kontrollert vis og ved at mengden vann ble målt. Vannklokke (eller vannur) var den beste måten å holde rede på tiden etter at solen var gått ned.

Vannklokken er en gammel oppfinnelse, men hvor og når de først ble oppfunnet er usikkert.[3] Et bolleformet avløp er den enkleste formen for vannklokke og er kjent for å ha eksistert i Babylon og i oldtidens Egypt i tiden rundt 1500 f.Kr.[4] Det er muligens under regjeringstiden til Amenhotep I. Faraos hoffastronom Amenemheb tok æren for å ha oppfunnet dette instrumentet i en inskripsjon på hans grav.[5] For Egypt var dette viktig da tiden ikke var en bestemt mengde, men målt som 1/12 av natten. I sommermånedene var derimot nettene kortere, og vannklokkene ble justert for tilsvarende å måle kortere tid.[5]

Andre regioner i verden, inkludert India og Kina, har også tidlige bevis på vannklokker, men å datere den aller eldste er mindre sikkert. En del forfattere har imidlertid hevdet at vannklokker dukket opp i oldtidens Kina så tidlig som 4000 f.Kr.[6] Vannklokken var en av mange ulike instrumenter for å måle tiden med før mekaniske klokker ble oppfunnet. Blant de andre var solur og timeglass.

Moderne vannklokker er heller kunstverk enn egentlige tidsmålere. Den franske kunstnere og den tidligere fysikeren Bernard Gitton har skapt et antall vannklokker som offentlig utsmykning i forskjellige deler av verden, blant annet Europasenteret i Berlin. Denne vannklokken er 13 meter høy og viser tiden i to søyler for henholdsvis timer og minutter.[7]

Referanser

  1. ^ Morbech, Finn (2001): Ur-guide, København: forlageret Sct. Eligius, s. 158
  2. ^ «clepsydra (n.)», Online Etymology Dictionary
  3. ^ Turner, Anthony J. (1984): The Time Museum. I: Time Measuring Instruments; Part 3: Water-clocks, Sand-glasses, Fire-clocks. Rockford, IL: The Museum. ISBN 0-912947-01-2. OCLC 159866762, s. 1
  4. ^ Helk, Wolfgang (1975): Historisch-biographische Texte der 2. Zwischenzeit und neue Texte der 18. Dynastie. Wiesbaden, s. 111-112.
  5. ^ a b West, Stephanie (mai 1973): «Cultural Interchange over a Water-Clock», The Classical Quarterly, New Series, 23 (1), s. 63
  6. ^ Cowan, Harrison J. (1958): Time and Its Measurement: From the stone age to the nuclear age, Ohio: The World Publishing Company, s. 58
  7. ^ «Uret där tiden flyter», Ny Teknik. Arkivert fra originalen den 18. april 2013

Eksterne lenker

(en) Water clocks – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på Commons


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