Unntakstilstand

Unntakstilstand er en ekstraordinær krisetilstand der statsorganene blir tildelt særlige fullmakter for å kunne avverge truende eller inntrådte farer. Det kan dreie seg om trusler mot det sivile samfunnet for eksempel naturkatastrofer, eller trusler mot statens eksistens, for eksempel et politisk opprør.^[1]

Begrunnelse og former for unntakstilstand

Grunnene for å innføre unntakstilstand kan være omstendigheter som truer samfunnets struktur eller eksistens. Unntakstilstand erklæres normalt av statens overhode, eller den som besitter nasjonens suverenitet, ettersom suverenen er hevet over loven, og har juridisk makt til å oppheve den normale rettsorden. Unntakstilstand erklæres oftest som følge av naturkatastrofer, sivile uroligheter, krig eller lignende.^{[trenger referanse]}

Man kan skille mellom sivil og militær unntakstilstand. Under en sivil unntakstilstand ligger makten hos regjeringen, mens den under en militær unntakstilstand vil være ivaretatt av det militære.

Norge

Noen land har lovgivning om hvor og når en regjering kan erklære en unntakstilstand, og om hvilke rettigheter tilstanden kan ha innflytelse på.^{[trenger referanse]}

I Norge er det ingen lover som bruker ordet unntakstilstand, men beredskapslovene gjøres gjeldende dersom krig, krigslignende tilstand eller liknende forhold forhindrer Stortinget i å tre sammen, og gir Kongen myndighet til å iverksette nødvendige tiltak.

Unntakstilstanden i Midt-Norge varte fra 6. oktober til 12. oktober 1942 og gjaldt for Trondheim og deler av Sør-Trøndelag, hele Nord-Trøndelag samt Grane herred i Nordland.^[2]

Referanser

^ Bildung, Bundeszentrale für politische. «Ausnahmezustand | bpb». bpb.de (på tysk). Besøkt 19. mars 2020.
^ https://snl.no/unntakstilstanden_i_Midt-Norge_1942

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