Tusi

Tusi (kinesisk: 土司, pinyin: Tǔsī, Wade-Giles: T'u-ssu) var stammeledere anerkjent som keiserlige myndigheter i Yuan-, Ming- og Qingdynastiets tid i Kina, særlig i provinsen Yunnan. Arrangementet er også kjent som høvdingsystemet (土司制度, Tǔsī Zhìdù).

Systemet begynte som en tilpassing foretatt i Yuandynastiets tid etter erobringen av Dali i 1253. Dette kongedømmets tidligere herskerdynasti, Duan-dynastiet, ble utnevnt til generalguvernører (大理总管, Dàlǐ Zǒngguǎn) og lokale ledere ble innlemmet i styringsapparatet med forskjellige titler.[1]

De lokale ledere hadde ansvar for å stille tropper til disposisjon, bekjempe lokale opprør, og yte tributt til Beijing årlig, annethvert eller hvert tredje år, etter et system avhengig av avstand. Tusi-stillingene ble gjort arvelige (i motsetning til det kinesiske eksamensbaserte i det egentlige Kina), men det var likevel en reguleringsmulighet ved at hver tusi måtte ha tillatelse til bruk av embedssegl og lignende [2] For å ordne suksesjonen måtte hver tusi i 1436 oppliste sine sønner og nevøer, gjenta prosessen i kvadruplikat i 1436, og revidere listene hvert tredje år fra 1441 og igjen i 1485. Ming-styret innsatte regenter for mindreårige (de under 15 år) i 1489.[1]

I Mingtiden var det 179 tusi og 255 tuguan (innfødte sivile kommandanter) i Yunnan, og posten kunne bare mistes i tilfelle alvorlig kriminalitet.[1] Qingdynastiet reduserte disse tallene kraftig. På Yongzheng-keiserens tid var det kun 22 igjen, i: Cheli, Gengma, Longchuan, Ganya (det moderne Yingjiang), Nandian, Menglian, Zhefang, Zhanda, Lujiang, Mangshi (Mang), Mengmao (Ruili), Nalou, Kuirong, Shierguan, Menghua, Jingdong, Mengding, Yongning, Fuzhou, Wandian, Zhenkang og Beishengzhou.[1]

Referanser

  1. ^ a b c d Bin Yang. Between Winds and Clouds: The Making of Yunnan, Ch. 4. Columbia University Press.
  2. ^ Kopan Wellens: Religious Revival in the Tibetan Borderlands: The Premi of Southwest China, s. 29 ff. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press, 2010. ISBN 0-295-99069-4.

Litteratur

  • She Yize: Zhongguo tusi zhidu Chongqing 1944
  • Bao Zunpeng (Hg.): Mingdai tusi zhidu.'. Taibei 1968
  • Gong Yin: Zhongguo tusi zhidu. Kunming 1992
  • Li Shiyu: Qingdai tusi zhidu lunkao. Beijing 1998
  • Gao Shirong: Xibei tusi zhidu yanjiu. Beijing 1999

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