Tribalisme

Tribalisme er inndeling i eller støtte for en stamme eller stammer, særlig politikk preget av stammelojalitet eller stammeinndeling.[1] Innen konformitet kan tribalisme referere til et tankesett eller oppførsel hvori en er mer lojal overfor ens stamme, enn til sine venner, sitt land, eller en annen sosial gruppe.[2][3]

Tribalisme antyder eierskap av en sterk kulturell eller etnisk identitet som skiller et medlem av en gruppe fra medlemmer av en annen gruppe. Basert på sterke følelser om nærhet og slektskap pleier ofte stammemedlemmer å inneha en sterk identitetsfølelse. Objektivt trengs en pågående skikkbasert organisering, informasjonsforespørsel og -utveksling for at et skikkbasert stammesamfunn skal dannes; subjektivt derimot kan intense følelser om en felles identitet føre til at mennesker føler seg knyttet gjennom en stamme.[4] Distinksjonen mellom disse to definisjonene av tribalisme – objektiv og subjektiv – er viktig, fordi, mens stammebaserte stamfunn har blitt presset til utkanten av den vestlige verden, er tribalisme ved denne andre definisjonen muligens uredusert. Noen forfattere har postulert at menneskehjernen er genetisk programmert til tribalisme, grunnet dens evolusjonære fordeler; denne påstanden derimot er ofte knyttet til å sette likhetstegn mellom opprinnelige spørsmål om sosialitet med tribalisme.[5]

Ontologisk er tribalisme orientert rundt analogiens, genealogiens og mytologiens bindekraft. Dette betyr at skikkbaserte stammer har sitt sosiale fundament i noen variasjoner av disse stammeorienteringene, mens de samtidig ofte tar til seg tradisjonelle praksiser (som gjennom en bokens religion, som kristendom og islam), og moderne praksiser, som pengeveksling, mobilkommunikasjon og moderne utdanning.[6]

En stammes sosiale struktur kan variere stort, men, grunnet den relativt lille størrelsen til skikkbaserte stammer, involverer sosialt liv i de typer stammer vanligvis en relativt udifferensiert rollestruktur, med få betydelige politiske eller økonomiske distinksjoner mellom individer.[7]

Mange stammer refererer til seg selv på sitt eget språk som «folk», med forskjellige andre tilnavn på nabostammer. For eksempel oversettes begrepet «inuitt» til folk, men de var kjent som «eskimo», grovt oversatt til «etere av rått kjøtt» til ojibwene.[8]

Se også

Referanser

  1. ^ «Tribalisme» – Bokmåls- og nynorskordboka, Universitetet i Oslo og Språkrådet.
  2. ^ Definisjon av «Tribalisme» hos Oxford Dictionaries Arkivert 3. mars 2016 hos Wayback Machine. Besøkt 5. mars 2016
  3. ^ «Tribalisme», definisjon hos Macmillan Dictionary Besøkt 5. mars 2016
  4. ^ Assam's Crisis: Myth & Reality. Mittal Publications. 1993. s. 90. ISBN 978-81-7099-473-2. 
  5. ^ Social Character in a Mexican Village. Transaction Publishers. 1970. s. xi. ISBN 978-1-56000-876-7. 
  6. ^ James, Paul. et al., Sustainable Communities, Sustainable Development: Other Paths for Papua New Guinea (2012) Last ned PDF
  7. ^ Max Gluckman (2007). «Social beliefs and individual Thinking in Tribal Society». Anthropological Theory. Transaction Publishers. s. 453–464. ISBN 978-0-202-36133-8. 
  8. ^ Native Americans: Grades 1-3. Evan-Moor. 2003. s. 14. ISBN 978-1-55799-901-6. 

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