Pasja

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Pasja (etter det tyrkiske paşa) var den høyeste militære og sivile embedstittel i Det osmanske rike. Tittelen var ikke arvelig. Land som ble regjert av en pasja ble til tider kalt et pashalikat (etter det tyrkiske paşalık).

Ordet "pasja" er avledet av tyrkisk for overhode eller høvding, "başa" (ingen klar distinksjon mellom -b- og -p- på osmansk tyrkisk). En alternativ teori er at det kan komme fra padishah (etter det persiske pādschāh) - hvor roten "pati" betyr "mester" og "shah" betyr konge.'

Personer som besatte embedene vesir, minister, guvernør for provinser eller større byer, sultanens svigersønn, og noen andre av de høyeste embedsmenn, ble omtalt som Pasja. Tittelen kunne også tildeles av sultanen til enhver mann som utmerket seg i landets tjeneste, og som allerede hadde den lavere tittel bey. Således mottok en rekke europeere også tittelen, hvis de over tid hadde vært i osmansk tjeneste, for eksempel general Charles George Gordon, orientalisten Brugsch og de tyske militære instruktører Colmar von der Goltz og Otto Liman von Sanders.

Først var det tre forskjellige pasjagrader, hvis innehavere ble kalt pasja av én, to eller tre hestehaler. Bare Sultanen var berettiget til fire haler som hærens øverstkommanderende. Senere ble pasjagradene erstattet av de militære titler liva, (generalmajor), ferik, (generalløytnant) og muschir (general - eller marskalk).

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