Opportunisme

Opportunisme, opportunistisk oppførsel eller hensiktsmessighetspolitikk er en bevisst strategi, handling eller atferd der man utnytter omgivelsene til egen fordel, og tar lite hensyn til ideelle grunnprinsipper. Begrepet brukes om ulike typer prinsippløs tilpasning innen biologi, økonomi (transaction cost economics), spillteori, etikk, psykologi, sosiologi og politikk. Opportunistiske strategier eller handlinger kan sees hos enkeltpersoner, grupper og organisasjoner, eller være del av en oppførsel eller trend.

Bortsett fra biologisk opportunisme, som blir brukt som en nøytral vitenskapelig beskrivelse, er det å handle opportunistisk ofte drevet av motiver om egeninteresse og dermed forbundet med lav moral og noe negativt. Opportunistisk oppførsel kan også defineres mer nøytralt som en utnyttelse av muligheter og fordeler i øyeblikket, eller en evne til å tilpasse seg forandring og maksimere egeninteressen gjennom det (imidlertid på en måte som går utover moralske eller andre prinsipper)

Betegnelsen kommer av det italienske ordet opportunismo, som ble brukt i italiensk politikk på 1800-tallet om «utnyttelse av gjeldende omstendigheter eller muligheter med det formål å oppnå fordeler for seg selv eller gruppen».

Opportunist

En opportunist er en person eller organisme som handler etter opportunisme, altså etter det som passer best for anledningen og etter omstendighetene. I overført forstand er opportunist synonymt med karrierejeger eller streber.

Opportunisme i naturen

I økologien brukes opportunist om dyr som foretrekker den maten det er mest av på et bestemt sted eller tidspunkt. Det gjelder for eksempel bjørn, ulv, rev, rotter, kråker og gjedder. Opportunistisk atferd gir arten store konkurransefordeler.

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