Madrigal

Madrigal er opprinnelig en italiensk betegnelse for korte, kunstferdige dikt med strofer på tre eller fire verselinjer. Diktformen var lite utbredt utenfor de romanske språk.

Madrigal er mer kjent som betegnelse på et flerstemt vokalstykke på italiensk, fransk, tysk eller engelsk språk. Teksten er oftest verdslig, men det ble også skrevet madrigaler med religiøs tekst. Det fins to slags madrigaler, disse har bortsett fra betegnelsen lite felles: Trecento-madrigalen fra det 14. århundre og madrigalen fra det 16. og 17. århundre.

Det finnes flere teorier for navnet madrigal:

  • materialis – verdslig
  • matricalis – på morsmål, dvs. italiensk
  • mandrialis – tilhører hjorden, teksten har ofte et pastoralt innhold

Trecento-madrigalen

Trecento-madrigalen stammer fra midten av det 14. århundre. Her er ofte kjærlighet og erotikk tema, og også bilder fra naturen. Teksten er enkelt oppbygd av terzetti, vers med tre linjer, og coppia, ritornell (refreng) med to linjer. Melodien følger teksten, først i perioden tostemt, senere trestemt, med en svært virtuos og koloraturaktig overstemme og enkel støttende understemme. I terzettien begynner og slutter hver linje med en melisme – en lang melodi på en enkelt stavelse. Terzettien hadde hele tiden samme melodi, coppiaen stadig en ny melodi, gjerne i en danseaktig tre-takt og vesentlig kortere enn terzettien.

Madrigalen fra det 16. og 17. århundre

Denne madrigalen betraktes som det verdslige motstykke til motetten, og var en svært kunstfull og uttrykksterk musikkform for «kjennere» (jfr. musica reservata). Utførelsen er solistisk med akkompagnement. Madrigalen besto som regel av frie vers, der musikken fulgte teksten med den hensikt å fremheve uttrykket av enkelte steder i teksten (imitar le parole).

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