Elementærladning

En elementærladning er i fysikken den minste, positive elektriske ladningen som kan eksistere hos en fri partikkel. Dette er lik ladningen til et proton og motsatt ladning av et elektron. Elementærladningen er en fundamental fysisk konstant og symbol er e. SI-enhet er Coulomb.

Verdien er

e = 1.602 176 565 (35) × 10-19 C

hvor verdien er CODATAs verdi fra 2002 og tallene i parentes er standardavviket til de to siste sifrene.

Alltid bundne partikler kan ha ladning som er mindre enn elementærladning, slik som kvarker som har ladning i enheter av e/3. Kvasipartikler kan også ha ladning mindre enn elementærladningen.

De første, numeriske verdier for denne naturkonstanten kom i midten av 1800-tallet gjennom forståelsen av elektrolyse. Her ble Faradays konstant F = e NA målt slik at man dermed hadde verdien til ladningen for et mol med elektroner. Med en god verdi for Avogadros konstant NA som ble funnet kort tid senere, hadde man derfor også en tilsvarende god verdi for elementærladningen e.

En uavhengig bestemmelse ble gjort i 1903 i gruppen til J. J. Thomson.[1] Han hadde oppdaget elektronet noen få år tidligere og hadde målt forholdet e/m mellom dets ladning og masse. Etter at ladningen var bestemt, visste man da at massen til elektronet måtte være veldig liten, omtrent 1/1800 av massen til hydrogenatomet.

Ti år senere målte Robert Millikan ladningen mer presist i sitt berømte oljedråpeeksperiment.

Referanser

  1. ^ H. A. Wilson, Phil. Mag. 5, 429 (1903).

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