Bayer (øl)

Norsk bayer.

Bayer er en undergjæret øltype som henter sitt navn fra Bayern i Sør-Tyskland. Det er brunt eller rødbrunt i fargen og har en mer utpreget maltsmak enn pilsener. Ølet som selges som bayer i Norge har likhetstrekk med de tyske ølsortene Märzen og Münchener Dunkel.

Historie

Det var klostrene i Bayern som først skal ha tatt i bruk en spesiell teknikk for å framstille øl. Øl fra Bayern var et undergjæret øl som var lettere og lysere enn det mer tradisjonelle overgjærete øltypene som fantes.

Når man tilvirket øl etter den bayerske metode, innebar det en mer innfløkt og raffinert produksjonsprosess med blant annet gjæring under kald temperatur (ofte ved hjelp av naturis), deretter fulgt av en lang lagringsperiode i kalde underjordiske kjellere. Under Gamle Aker Kirke i Oslo finnes fremdeles restene av den kjelleren Foss Bryggeri benyttet til dette. Dermed oppstod begrepet lager fra det tyske begrepet på lagring. Ordet lager brukes fortsatt som begrep for undergjæret øl i den engelskspråklige delen av verden.

Ved lov av 1803 ble en rekke av disse kloster-bryggeriene sekularisert og gikk over til private hender. Det skjedde videre en liberalisering av handelen som fjernet flere restriksjoner, og gjorde at bryggeriene i området kom nærmere fri konkurranse, samtidig som myndighetene fjernet mye av makten til bryggerlaugene.

Bayerølet var av god kvalitet og ble meget populært. Kunnskap om den bayerske bryggeteknikk ble derfor spredd videre i Tyskland. Denne spredningen kunne skje på grunn av grunnleggelsen av Zollverein, samt anleggelse av jernbaner på tvers av de tyske småstatene. Resultatet av det hele var at det ble etablert en rekke bryggerier rundt omkring i Tyskland etter bayersk mønster.

I 1830-årene begynte maskindriften å trenge inn i de sørtyske og østerrikske bryggerier, etter at ølbryggere hadde vært på studietur til England. Der hadde man lenge nyttet maskinkraft i ølproduksjon. Denne utviklingen i de tyske bryggeriene spredde seg videre til Norden.

I Norden

I 1845 ble det første bayerske bryggeriet startet i København, Carlsberg, og i 1843 i Sverige.

I Norge var det Aass Bryggeri som først brygget bayerøl i 1842, Schous Bryggeri startet brygging av ølet i 1843. Andre kilder har angitt Schreiners bryggeri i Trondheim som første i Norge med år 1840. Midten av 1800-tallet var på mange måter gjennombruddet for norsk øl og norsk bryggerinæring.[1]

Bayerølet hadde i Norge samme "folke-øl"-status slik pilsen har idag, og en helflaske ble gjerne betegnet som en murer. Dette endret seg etter okkupasjonen da tysk kultur ikke lenger var populær. Imidlertid fortsatte blant annet Aass Bryggerier og Frydenlund Bryggerier produksjonen av Bayerøl.

Referanser

  1. ^ «Aass, P. Ltz. A/S (Aass Bryggeri) | Drammen Byleksikon». byleksikon.drmk.no. Besøkt 9. desember 2023. 

Litteratur

  • Schumann, U.J. et al (1993): Deutschland deine Biere, München.

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