It-Tielet Repubblika Franċiża

Tielet Repubblika Franċiża

It-Tielet Repubblika Franċiża (bil-Franċiż, La Troisième République, miktuba wkoll bħala La IIIe République) (1870-10 Lulju 1940) kien ir-reġim politku ta' Franza bejn it-Tieni Imperu Franċiż u r-Reġim ta' Vichy. Din kienet demokrazija parlamentari repubblikana li twaqqfet fl-4 ta' Settembru 1870, wara l-waqgħa ta' l-Imperu ta' Napuljun III fil-Gwerra Franko-Prussjana.

Ir-repubblika kompliet it-tisħiħ tal-istruttura industrijali tal-pajjiż, minkejja l-preżenza ta' tradizzjoni agrikola b'saħħita u rrapreżentata sew kemm fuq il-pjan politiku kif ukoll fi tkabbir demografiku relattivament baxx. Wara żmien ta' inċertezza istituzzjonali (1870-1875), iddominat minn Adolphe Thiers u kkaratterizzat minn ġlied bejn repubblikani, bonapartisti u monarkiċi, ir-reġim il-ġdid, li fl-1871 kellu jirreprimi il-Komun ta' Pariġi, intlaqat minn kriżi qawwija taħt il-presidenza Mac-Mahon (1873-1879), li kellu tendenzi konservattivi qawwija ħafna.

5 franki matul It-tielet Repubblika Franċiża (1873). Fidda.

Mġiegħel li jirreżenja minn maġġoranza repubblikana, u segwit mill-presidenza Grévy (1879-1887) bdiet il-fażi tal-bini ta'stat lajk, demokratiku u parlamentari, li tiegħu Jules Férry, il-ħassieb wara l-espansjoni kolonjali tal-pajjiż kemm fil-Lvant imbiegħed u fl-Afrika, kien il-protagonista prinċipali. Sensiela ta' skandli fl-aħħar tas-snin tmenin, saħħaħ il-kurrenti nazzjonalisti u antiparlamentari, li tagħhom kien l-interpretu Boulanger (1886-1889); ir-repubblika, però, imsaħħa kemm bl-għajnuna tal-fazzjoni kattolika (1890-1892) kif ukoll tal-istituzzjonijiet lajċi, rnexxiela tibqa' sħiħa, anki jekk bl-Affaire Dreyfus (1894-1906), għaddiet minn burraxka oħra.

Sal-bidu tas-seklu għoxrin, l-iskjerament tax-xellug (radikali u soċjalisti) rebaħ fuq il-moderati, u dan wassal biex l-istati ġie sekolarizzat totalment fl-1905; ħafna mill-wiegħdiet għar-riformi soċjali però baqgħu ma ġewx imwettqa'. Il-politka internazzjonali u l-kwistjoni kolonjali mexxeww id-dibattiti politiċi sal-Ewwel Gwerra Dinjija (1914-1918) li ntrebħet minn Franza, u wasslet għall-għoti lura mill-Ġermanja tal-Alsazja u l-Lorenja. Ir-Rivoluzzjoni Bolxevika u l-qsim tal-komunisti mill-moviment soċjalist wassal għar-rebħa provviżorja tal-blokk konservattiv u nazzjonalist fl-1919. Dan il-blokk waqgħa fl-1924 u ġie sostitwit minn kartell tax-xellug, li wara li ngħaqad mal-moderati, b'indikazzjoni ta' Poincaré, ifforma kabinett t'unjoni nazzjonali (1926-1929) biex jaffaċja l-kriżi ekonomika. Il-bidu tal-movimenti faxxisti, il-kreazzjoni ta' bosta gruppi tal-lemin, u ħafna skandli finanzjarji destabilizzaw ir-repubblika, ggvernata bejn l-1936 u l-1938 mill-Front Popolari ta' L. Blum u C. Chautemps, protagonista ta' ħafna riformi soċjali importanti.

Bir-radikali lura fil-poter taħt E. Daladier (1938-1940), l-oppożizzjoni fjakka għall-politika barranija tan-nażisti u l-impreparazzjoni militari immarkaw ix-xhur ta' qabel il-bidu tat-Tieni Gwerra Dinjija f'Settembru 1939. Wara tmien xhur t'inattività, l-armati franċiżi ġew assaltati minn dawk Ġermaniżi, u b'Pariġi okkupata u l-Assemblea nazzjonali aġġornata għall-egħluq wara li ngħataw il-poteri kollha lil P. Pétain fil-11 ta' Lulju 1940, inħoloq Reġim kollaborazzjonista f'Vichy.

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