Element kimiku
Element kimiku huwa sustanza pura magħmula minn tip wieħed ta’ atomi, li jikkaratterizzawh u jiddistingwuh mill-elementi l-oħra bin-numru atomiku (Z).
L-elementi jistgħu jidhru taħt forom diversi:
- taħt forma monoatomika: il-gassijiet nobbli (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn).
- taħt forma molekulari: dawn huma xi eżempji H2, N2, O2, O3, F2, P4, S8, Cl2, Br2, I2.
- taħt forma ta’ ġabra kontinwa (kristallina jew amorfa) ta’ atomi marbutin b’mod kovalenti: pereżempju C, Si, B, Sb.
- taħt forma metallika: il-biċċa kbira ta’ l-elementi huma metalli, pereżempju, il-ħadid, is-sodju, id-deheb, il-kalċju, l-uranju .
L-istess element jista’ jeżisti f’forom allotropiċi differenti bħad-djamanti u l-graffit, li fihom il-karbonju għandu strutturi kristallini differenti jew l-ossiġenu diatomiku O2 u l-ożonu O3, li huma differenti fl-istruttura molekulari.
L-elementi ġew klassifikati fit-Tavla perjodika, strument tas-sintesi estremament qawwi.
Leġenda għall-kuluri tan-numri atomiċi:
- L-elementi nnumrati bil-blu huma likwidi f' T = 298 K e p = 1 bar;
- dawk bl-aħdar huma gassijiet f' T = 298 K e p = 1 bar;
- dawk bl-iswed huma solidi f' T = 298 K e p = 1 bar;
- dawk bl-aħmar huma artifiċjali u m'humiex naturalment preżenti fuq id-Dinja (huma kollha solidi f' T = 298 K e p = 1 bar). It-teknezju hu preżenti fi kwantitajiet minimi fil-minjieri ta' l-uranju u fil-ġganti ħomor.
- dawk bil-griż għadhom ma ġewx skoperti.
L-atomi ta’ l-istess element jista’ jkollhom numru tal-massa (A), jiġifieri numru ta’ nuklejuni, differenti. Dawn il-varjetajiet differenti jissejħu isotopi, billi għandhom l-istess post fit-tavla perjodika.
L-elementi li jinstabu naturalment fi-Dinja huma 94 (mill-idroġenu sa l-uranju mingħajr it- teknezju u l-promezju) li minhom 80 għandhom almenu isotopu stabbli wieħed. Sa issa jistgħu jinħolqu 24 oħra artifiċjalment, u għalhekk b’kollox nafu b’118 element. L-element l-iżjed tqil hu l-oganesson bin-numru atomiku ta’ 118.
Hawn taħt nagħtu tabella li tiġbor fiha xi informazzjoni fuq l-elementi, irranġati skond in-numru atomiku.
Lista ta' l-Elementi
N
|
Element
|
Simbolu
|
Piż atomiku
|
Konfigurazzjoni elettronika
|
EI1 (eV)
|
AE (eV)
|
Χ (Pauling)
|
Sena ta’ l-iskoperta
|
1
|
Idroġenu
|
H
|
1,0079
|
1s
|
13,59844
|
0,754
|
2,1
|
1766
|
2
|
Elju
|
He
|
4,0026
|
1s2
|
24,58741
|
− 0,5
|
-
|
1895
|
3
|
Litju
|
Li
|
6,941
|
[He]2s
|
5,39172
|
0,618
|
1,0
|
1817
|
4
|
Berillju
|
Be
|
9,0122
|
[He]2s2
|
9,32263
|
− 0,5
|
1,5
|
1797
|
5
|
Boru
|
B
|
10,81
|
[He]2s22p
|
8,29803
|
0,277
|
2,0
|
1808
|
6
|
Karbonju
|
C
|
12,011
|
[He]2s22p2
|
11,26030
|
1,263
|
2,5
|
antikità
|
7
|
Ażotu
|
N
|
14.0067
|
[He]2s22p3
|
14,53414
|
− 0,07
|
3,0
|
1772
|
8
|
Ossiġenu
|
O
|
15,9994
|
[He]2s22p4
|
13,61806
|
1,461
|
3,5
|
1774
|
9
|
Fluworu
|
F
|
18,9984
|
[He]2s22p5
|
17,42282
|
3,399
|
4,0
|
1886
|
10
|
Neon
|
Ne
|
20,179
|
[He]2s22p6
|
21,56454
|
− 1,2
|
-
|
1898
|
11
|
Sodju
|
Na
|
22,98977
|
[Ne]3s
|
5,13908
|
0,548
|
0,9
|
1807
|
12
|
Manjeżju
|
Mg
|
24,305
|
[Ne]3s2
|
7,64624
|
− 0,4
|
1,2
|
1808
|
13
|
Aluminju
|
Al
|
26,9815
|
[Ne]3s23p
|
5,98577
|
0,441
|
1,5
|
1825
|
14
|
Siliċju
|
Si
|
28,0855
|
[Ne]3s23p2
|
8,15169
|
1,385
|
1,8
|
1824
|
15
|
Fosfru
|
P
|
30,9738
|
[Ne]3s23p3
|
10,48669
|
0,747
|
2,1
|
1669
|
16
|
Żolfu (Kubrit)
|
S
|
32,06
|
[Ne]3s23p4
|
10,36001
|
2,077
|
2,5
|
antikità
|
17
|
Kloru
|
Cl
|
35,453
|
[Ne]3s23p5
|
12,96764
|
3,617
|
3,0
|
1774
|
18
|
Argon
|
Ar
|
39,948
|
[Ne]3s23p6
|
15,759
|
− 1,0
|
-
|
1894
|
19
|
Potassju
|
K
|
39,0983
|
[Ar]4s
|
4,34066
|
0,502
|
0,8
|
1807
|
20
|
Kalċju
|
Ca
|
40,08
|
[Ar]4s2
|
6,11316
|
−0,3
|
1,0
|
1808
|
21
|
Skandju
|
Sc
|
44,9559
|
[Ar]3d4s2
|
6,56144
|
0,188
|
1,3
|
1879
|
22
|
Titanju
|
Ti
|
47,88
|
[Ar]3d24s2
|
6,8282
|
0,079
|
1,5
|
1791
|
23
|
Vanadju
|
V
|
50,9415
|
[Ar]3d34s2
|
6,746
|
0,524
|
1,6
|
1830
|
24
|
Kromu
|
Cr
|
51,996
|
[Ar]3d54s
|
6,76664
|
0,666
|
1,6
|
1798
|
25
|
Manganiż
|
Mn
|
54,9380
|
[Ar]3d54s2
|
7,43402
|
0
|
1,5
|
1774
|
26
|
Ħadid
|
Fe
|
55,847
|
[Ar]3d64s2
|
7,9024
|
0,163
|
1,8
|
antikità
|
27
|
Kobaltu
|
Co
|
58,9332
|
[Ar]3d74s2
|
7,8810
|
0,660
|
1,9
|
1737
|
28
|
Nikil
|
Ni
|
58,69
|
[Ar]3d84s2
|
7,6398
|
1,161
|
1,9
|
1751
|
29
|
Ram
|
Cu
|
63,546
|
[Ar]3d104s
|
7,72638
|
1,227
|
1,9
|
antikità
|
30
|
Żingu
|
Zn
|
65.38
|
[Ar]3d104s2
|
9,3940
|
0
|
1,6
|
Seklu XV
|
31
|
Gallju
|
Ga
|
69,72
|
[Ar]3d104s24p
|
5,99930
|
0,300
|
1,6
|
1875
|
32
|
Ġermanju
|
Ge
|
72,59
|
[Ar]3d104s24p2
|
7,899
|
1,233
|
1,8
|
1886
|
33
|
Arseniku
|
As
|
74,9216
|
[Ar]3d104s24p3
|
9,8152
|
0,808
|
2,0
|
Seklu XV
|
34
|
Selenju
|
Se
|
78,96
|
[Ar]3d104s24p4
|
9,75238
|
2,021
|
2,4
|
1818
|
35
|
Bromu
|
Br
|
79,904
|
[Ar]3d104s24p5
|
11,81381
|
3,365
|
2,8
|
1826
|
36
|
Kripton
|
Kr
|
83,80
|
[Ar]3d104s24p6
|
13,99961
|
− 1,0
|
-
|
1898
|
37
|
Rubidju
|
Rb
|
85,4678
|
[Kr]5s
|
4,17713
|
0,486
|
0,8
|
1860
|
38
|
Stronzju
|
Sr
|
87,62
|
[Kr]5s2
|
5,69484
|
0
|
1,0
|
1808
|
39
|
Ittriju
|
Y
|
88,9059
|
[Kr]4d5s2
|
6,217
|
0,307
|
1,2
|
1794
|
40
|
Żirkonju
|
Zr
|
91,224
|
[Kr]4d25s2
|
6,63390
|
0,426
|
1,4
|
1789
|
41
|
Njubju
|
Nb
|
92,9064
|
[Kr]4d35s2
|
6,75885
|
0,892
|
1,6
|
1801
|
42
|
Molibdenu
|
Mo
|
95,94
|
[Kr]4d55s
|
7,09243
|
0,745
|
1,8
|
1782
|
43
|
Teknezju
|
Tc
|
(98)
|
[Kr]4d55s2
|
7,28
|
0,549
|
1,9
|
1939
|
44
|
Rutenju
|
Ru
|
101,9055
|
[Kr]4d65s2
|
7,36050
|
1,050
|
2,2
|
1844
|
45
|
Rodju
|
Rh
|
102,9055
|
[Kr]4d75s2
|
7,45890
|
1,137
|
2,2
|
1803
|
46
|
Palladju
|
Pd
|
106,42
|
[Kr]4d105s0
|
8,3369
|
0,557
|
2,2
|
1803
|
47
|
Fidda
|
Ag
|
107,868
|
[Kr]4d105s
|
7,57624
|
1,302
|
1,9
|
antikità
|
48
|
Kadmju
|
Cd
|
112,41
|
[Kr]4d105s2
|
8,9937
|
0
|
1,7
|
1817
|
49
|
Indju
|
In
|
114,82
|
[Kr]4d105s25p
|
5,78636
|
0,300
|
1,7
|
1863
|
50
|
Stann
|
Sn
|
118,71
|
[Kr]4d105s25p2
|
7,34381
|
1,112
|
1,8
|
antikità
|
51
|
Antimonju
|
Sb
|
121,75
|
[Kr]4d105s25p3
|
8,64
|
1,070
|
1,9
|
Seklu XV
|
52
|
Tellurju
|
Te
|
127,60
|
[Kr]4d105s25p4
|
9,0096
|
1,971
|
2,1
|
1783
|
53
|
Jodju
|
I
|
126,9045
|
[Kr]4d105s25p5
|
10,45126
|
3,060
|
2,5
|
1811
|
54
|
Xenu
|
Xe
|
131,29
|
[Kr]4d105s25p6
|
12,12987
|
0
|
-
|
1898
|
55
|
Ċesju
|
Cs
|
132,9054
|
[Xe]6s
|
3,89390
|
0,472
|
0,7
|
1860
|
56
|
Barju
|
Ba
|
137,33
|
[Xe]6s2
|
5,21170
|
0
|
0,9
|
1808
|
57
|
Lantanju
|
La
|
138,9055
|
[Xe]5d6s2
|
5,5770
|
0,470
|
1,1
|
1839
|
58
|
Ċerju
|
Ce
|
140,12
|
[Xe]4f5d6s2
|
5,5387
|
0,955
|
1,1
|
1803
|
59
|
Praseodimju
|
Pr
|
140,9077
|
[Xe]4f36s2
|
5,464
|
< 0,518
|
1,1
|
1885
|
60
|
Neodimju
|
Nd
|
144,24
|
[Xe]4f46s2
|
5,5250
|
< 0,518
|
1,2
|
1885
|
61
|
Promezju
|
Pm
|
(145)
|
[Xe]4f56s2
|
5,55
|
< 0,518
|
1,2
|
1945
|
62
|
Samarju
|
Sm
|
150,36
|
[Xe]4f66s2
|
5,6437
|
< 0,518
|
1,2
|
1880
|
63
|
Europju
|
Eu
|
151,96
|
[Xe]4f76s2
|
5,6704
|
< 0,518
|
1,1
|
1901
|
64
|
Gadolinju
|
Gd
|
157,25
|
[Xe]4f75d6s2
|
6,1502
|
< 0,518
|
1,1
|
1880
|
65
|
Terbju
|
Tb
|
158,9254
|
[Xe]4f96s2
|
5,8639
|
< 0,518
|
1,2
|
1843
|
66
|
Disprosju
|
Dy
|
162,50
|
[Xe]4f106s2
|
5,939
|
< 0,518
|
1,2
|
1886
|
67
|
Olmju
|
Ho
|
164,9304
|
[Xe]4f116s2
|
6,0216
|
< 0,518
|
1,2
|
1879
|
68
|
Erbju
|
Er
|
167,26
|
[Xe]4f126s2
|
6,1078
|
< 0,518
|
1,2
|
1843
|
69
|
Tulju
|
Tm
|
168,9342
|
[Xe]4f136s2
|
6,18431
|
1,029
|
1,2
|
1879
|
70
|
Itterbju
|
Yb
|
173,04
|
[Xe]4f146s2
|
6,25416
|
< 0,518
|
1,1
|
1879
|
71
|
Lutezju
|
Lu
|
174,967
|
[Xe]4f145d6s2
|
5,426
|
0,52
|
1,2
|
1907
|
72
|
Afnju
|
Hf
|
178,49
|
[Xe]4f145d26s2
|
6,82507
|
0
|
1,3
|
1923
|
73
|
Tantalju
|
Ta
|
180,9479
|
[Xe]4f145d36s2
|
7,89
|
0,32
|
1,5
|
1802
|
74
|
Tungstenu
|
W
|
183,85
|
[Xe]4f145d66s
|
7,98
|
0,815
|
1,7
|
1783
|
75
|
Renju (Kimika)
|
Re
|
186,207
|
[Xe]4f145d56s2
|
7,88
|
0,150
|
1,9
|
1925
|
76
|
Ożmju
|
Os
|
190,2
|
[Xe]4f145d66s2
|
8,7
|
1,100
|
2,2
|
1804
|
77
|
Iridju
|
Ir
|
192,22
|
[Xe]4f145d76s2
|
9,1
|
1,565
|
2,2
|
1804
|
78
|
Platinu
|
Pt
|
195,08
|
[Xe]4f145d106s0
|
9,0
|
2,128
|
2,2
|
1748
|
79
|
Deheb
|
Au
|
196,9665
|
[Xe]4f145d106s
|
9,22567
|
2,309
|
2,4
|
antikità
|
80
|
Merkurju
|
Hg
|
200,59
|
[Xe]4f145d106s2
|
10,43750
|
0
|
1,9
|
antikità
|
81
|
Tallju
|
Tl
|
204,383
|
[Xe]4f145d106s26p
|
6,10829
|
0,199
|
1,8
|
1861
|
82
|
Ċomb
|
Pb
|
207,2
|
[Xe]4f145d106s26p2
|
7,4167
|
0,364
|
1,9
|
antikità
|
83
|
Bismut
|
Bi
|
208,9804
|
[Xe]4f145d106s26p3
|
7,2855
|
0,945
|
1,9
|
1753
|
84
|
Polonju
|
Po
|
(209)
|
[Xe]4f145d106s26p4
|
8,41671
|
1,900
|
2,0
|
1898
|
85
|
Astatu
|
At
|
(210)
|
[Xe]4f145d106s26p5
|
9,2
|
2,799
|
2,2
|
1940
|
86
|
Radon
|
Rn
|
(222)
|
[Xe]4f145d106s26p6
|
10,74850
|
0
|
-
|
1900
|
87
|
Franċju
|
Fr
|
(223)
|
[Rn]7s
|
4,0712
|
n.d.
|
0,7
|
1939
|
88
|
Radju
|
Ra
|
226,0254
|
[Rn]7s2
|
5,27892
|
n.d.
|
0,9
|
1898
|
89
|
Attinju
|
Ac
|
227,028
|
[Rn]6d7s2
|
5,17
|
n.d.
|
1,1
|
1899
|
90
|
Torju
|
Th
|
232,0381
|
[Rn]6d26s2
|
6,308
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1828
|
91
|
Protoattinju
|
Pa
|
231,0359
|
[Rn]5f26d7s2
|
5,89
|
n.d.
|
1,4
|
1917
|
92
|
Uranju
|
U
|
238,0289
|
[Rn]5f36d7s2
|
6,19405
|
n.d.
|
1,4
|
1789
|
93
|
Nettunju
|
Np
|
237,0482
|
[Rn]5f46d7s2
|
6,2655
|
n.d.
|
1,4
|
1940
|
94
|
Plutonju
|
Pu
|
(244)
|
[Rn]5f66s2
|
6,0262
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1940
|
95
|
Ameriċju
|
Am
|
(243)
|
[Rn]5f77s2
|
5,9738
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1944
|
96
|
Kurju
|
Cm
|
(247)
|
[Rn]5f76d7s2
|
6,02
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1944
|
97
|
Berkelju
|
Bk
|
(247)
|
[Rn]5f97s2
|
6,229
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1949
|
98
|
Kalifornju
|
Cf
|
(251)
|
[Rn]5f107s2
|
6,30
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1950
|
99
|
Einsteinju
|
Es
|
(252)
|
[Rn]5f117s2
|
6,422
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1954
|
100
|
Fermju
|
Fm
|
(257)
|
[Rn]5f127s2
|
6,50
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1954
|
101
|
Mendelevju
|
Md
|
(258)
|
[Rn]5f137s2
|
6,58
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1955
|
102
|
Nobelju
|
No
|
(259)
|
[Rn]5f147s2
|
6,65
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1958
|
103
|
Lawrenzju
|
Lr
|
(260)
|
[Rn]5f146d7s2
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1,3
|
1961
|
104
|
Rutherfordju
|
Rf
|
(261)
|
[Rn]5f146d27s2
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1968
|
105
|
Dubnju
|
Db
|
(262)
|
[Rn]5f146d37s2
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1970
|
106
|
Seaborgju
|
Sg
|
(266)
|
[Rn]5f146d47s2
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1974
|
107
|
Bohrju
|
Bh
|
(264)
|
[Rn]5f146d57s2
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1981
|
108
|
Hassju
|
Hs
|
(269)
|
[Rn]5f146d67s2
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1984
|
109
|
Meitnerju
|
Mt
|
(268)
|
[Rn]5f146d77s2
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1982
|
110
|
Darmstadtju
|
Ds
|
(269)
|
[Rn]5f146d97s
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1994
|
111
|
Roentgenju
|
Rg
|
(272)
|
[Rn]5f146d107s
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1994
|
112
|
Koperniċju
|
Cn
|
(277)
|
[Rn]5f146d107s2
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1996
|
113
|
Nihonju
|
Nh
|
(284)
|
[Rn]5f146d107s27p
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
2004
|
114
|
Flerovju
|
Fl
|
(289)
|
[Rn]5f146d107s27p2
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1999
|
115
|
Moskovju
|
Mc
|
(288)
|
[Rn]5f146d107s27p3
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
2004
|
116
|
Livermorju
|
Lv
|
(292)
|
[Rn]5f146d107s27p4
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
2000
|
117
|
Tennessinju
|
Ts
|
(310)
|
[Rn]5f146d107s27p5
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
2010
|
118
|
Oganesson
|
Og
|
(314)
|
[Rn]5f146d107s27p6
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
1999
|
|
|