Apeliavimas į lytį

„Pasaulis aukštyn kojom“ (15 amžiaus piešinys). Moteris laiko skeptrą, vaikinas verpia.

Apeliavimas į lytį – argumentacijos klaida, kai vyrams arba moterims priskiriamos kažkokios savybės vien todėl, kad jie priklauso tai lyčiai.

Ši klaida gana dažnai pasitaiko atrenkant žmones atsakingoms pareigoms užimti[1], jos paminėjimai naudojami paaiškinti mažesnį tokias pareigas užimančių moterų procentą.[2][3] Klaida taip pat trukdo vienodai, objektyviai įvertinti darbo pasiekimus nepriklausomai nuo lyties.[4]

Požiūris į skirtingų lyčių galimybes ar joms prideramą vaidmenį labai skiriasi priklausomai nuo valstybės ir ne kartą keitėsi istorijos eigoje. Pavyzdžiui, Egipte 94,9 % apklaustųjų mano, jog esant kritiškam darbo vietų trūkumui turi būti ribojama moterų teisė dirbti. Islandijoje taip atrodo tik 3,6 % žmonių.[5] Viduramžių Europoje buvo manoma, jog iš tiesų gerai gydyti sugeba tik moterys, tačiau prasidėjus raganų medžioklei gydytojo darbas tapo vyriška profesija.[6]

Logikos požiūriu, kai kuriuose apeliavimo į lytį argumentuose naudojamos ir kitos klaidos – išimtis, non-sequitur ir panašiai. Homoseksualams netolerantiškos visuomenės nuo šitos klaidos kenčia labiau.[7]

Šaltiniai

  1. ↑ Gorman, Elizabeth H. (2005 m. rugpjūčio mėn.). „Gender Stereotypes, Same-Gender Preferences, and Organizational Variation in the Hiring of Women: Evidence from Law Firms“. American Sociological Review. 70 (4): 702–728. doi:10.1177/000312240507000408.
  2. ↑ Heilman, Madeline E. (2001). „Description and Prescription: How Gender Stereotypes Prevent Women's Ascent Up the Organizational Ladder“. Journal of Social Issues. 57 (4): 657–674. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00234.
  3. ↑ Heilman, Madeline E.; Eagly, Alice H. (2008). „Gender Stereotypes Are Alive, Well, and Busy Producing Workplace Discrimination“. Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 1.
  4. ↑ Taylor, Shelley E.; Fiske, Susan T.; Etcoff, Nancy L.; Ruderman, Audrey J. (1978). „Categorical and Contextual Bases of Person Memory and Stereotyping“. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 36 (7).
  5. ↑ Fortin, Nicole (2005). „Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour Market Outcomes of Women Across OECD Countries“. Oxford Review of Economic Policy. 21: 416–438. doi:10.1093/oxrep/gri024.
  6. ↑ Ehrenreich, Barbara; Deirdre English (2010). Witches, Midwives and Nurses: A History of Women Healers (2nd leid.). The Feminist Press. pp. 44–87. ISBN 0-912670-13-4.
  7. ↑ Bullough, Vern L.; Bonnie Bullough (1993). Crossdressing, Sex, and Gender (1st leid.). University of Pennsylvania Press. 1993. p. 390. ISBN 978-0-8122-1431-4.

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