Lex Licinia de sodaliciis (55 a.C.n.)

Civis Romanus suffragium ferens in denario anno 63 a.C.n. excuso

Lex Licinia de sodaliciis[1] est lex anno 55 a.C.n. a consule Marco Licinio Crasso, una cum Pompeio collega [2], lata quae ambitum coercebat. Ipsi triumviri (Crassus, Pompeius, Caesar) sodalitates circa se collegerant : sodalicia adversariorum igitur, non sua reprimere volebant. Itaque statim consules facti mense Martio amicos suos praetores aut aediles faciendos curaverunt, vi Catonem a praeturae petitione arcentes, atque sibi provincias imperiumque proconsulare in quinquennium decerni antequam legem ad populum ferrent quam senatores, Afranio referente[3], mense Februario iam auctoritate sua sanxerant. Ita triumviri in ius vocari non iam poterant quoniam magistratus cum imperio immunes erant.

De crimine

Iam multae leges de ambitu erant -ipse Cicero, cum consul esset, legem Tulliam de ambitu Catilinae consiliis obviam ut iret, tulerat - quae non multum adversus hanc pestem efficere potuerant. Crimen sodalicii vim quodam modo cum ambitu coniungebat. Sodales vulgo dicebantur homines circa praestantem virum consociati ad cultum vel aliam rem huiusmodi celebrandam. Tum vero ad corruptionem comitiorum adhibebantur. Ita interpretanda sunt Ciceronis verba in oratione Pro Plancio[4] : consensionem quae magis honeste quam vere sodalitas nominaretur ... tribum turpi largitione corrumperet. Ibidem paulo post his actionibus constare crimen sodalicii adfirmabat : decuriatio tribulium, discriptio populi, suffragia largitione devincta[5], quae verba ad militarem quandam disciplinam pertinere videntur.

De tribubus editiciis

Severitas maior novae legis in hoc constabat quod accusator tribus e quibus iudices ducerentur ipse ederet, recusatione una tantum reo relicta. In omnibus aliis iudiciis ex omnibus tribubus sorte ducebantur iudices et recusationes alternae ambobus partibus dabantur. Secundum Ciceronem senatores, cum hanc condicionem sanxerunt, hoc in animo habebant, accusatorem illas tribus potissimum electurum quae corruptae essent quia culpam largitoris melius nossent et iratae eum convincere vellent. Sententia Ciceronis sic intelligenda : largitiones in tribubus ad plebem spectare, iudices vero ex ordinibus senatorio et equestri aut e tribunis aerarii ductos minus facile emi posse quia divites essent. Verum esse quod diceret an re vera crediderit Cicero dubium est. Certe Laterensem accusatorem reprehendit quod tribus a largitione alienas ediderit, velut ac si infestissimas potissimum reo sibique elegisset[6]. Ita non ad veritatem manifestandam sed ad Plancii damnationem tantum spectasse videbatur accusator, Ciceronis saltem opinione. Praemium insuper accusatori dabatur, siquidem reum sodalicii convicerat[7].

Non diu viguit haec lex quia iudices ab accusatore designatos cum aequo iudicio consentire negabat ius Romanum etiamsi largitores et tribuum corruptores omnes persequi cupiebant. Praeterea post bella civilia comitia omnem vim in republica amiserant.

De iudiciis

Hac lege postulati sunt :

Praecipuus fons de ea lege est oratio Ciceronis Pro Cn. Plancio. Nonnulla in epistulis quoque inveniuntur.

Si vis plura legere...

Nexus externi

Notae

  1. ↑ Pro Plancio 36.
  2. ↑ Pro Plancio 49.
  3. ↑ Ad Quintum fr. II.7.3
  4. ↑ Pro Plancio 37.
  5. ↑ Pro Plancio 45.
  6. ↑ Pro Plancio 41-48.
  7. ↑ Asconius, In Milonianam 54B.
  8. ↑ Ad Quintum fr. II.15.3
  9. ↑ Ad Att. IV.15.9
  10. ↑ Asconius, In Milonianam 54B.
  11. ↑ Ad fam. VIII.2 et 4


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