↑Walker, HK; Hall, WD; Hurst, JW (1990). 《Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations》. Melena strongly suggests, and hematemesis confirms, that bleeding is of upper gastrointestinal origin…Peptic ulcer, the most common cause of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, should be pursued through questions about epigastric distress, the relationship of symptoms to food intake, and a past history of peptic ulcer disease..