헝가리의 인구

2020년 헝가리의 인구 피라미드
1715-2008 헝가리의 인구
헝가리의 행정구역별 인구밀도.

인구학적 동향

유엔에 따르면 2019년 기준 헝가리의 인구는 970만 명이다. 헝가리의 인구는 1950년 933만 명에서 1980년 1071만 명으로 정점을 찍고[1], 그 이후에는 인구가 감소해 2010년에 이르러서는 1000만 명을 밑돌았으며[2], 현재까지도 인구감소가 진행중에 있다. 아래 표은 1950-2015년 헝가리의 인구를 나타낸 것이며, 유엔 통계를 기준으로 작성된 것이기 때문에 기관마다 차이가 있을 수 있다.

연도별 헝가리의 인구[3]
1950 1970 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015
933.8만 명 ↗1036.6만 명 ↘1037.7만 명 ↘1022.1만 명 ↘1008.6만 명 ↘992.7만 명 ↘977.8만 명

헝가리는 다른 동구권 국가들처럼 인구가 감소하고 있지만, 감소가 시작된 시점(1981년)은 비교적 이른 편이지만, 인구 감소폭은 비교적 적은 편이다. 연평균 인구 성장률은 1950-1955년 1.0%에서 2010-2015년 -0.3%, 2015-2020년 -0.2%로 낮아졌으며[4], 연평균 합계출산율도 1950-1955년 2.69명에서 2000-2005년 1.29명으로 낮아졌지만, 2015-2020년 1.49명으로 소폭 상승했다.[5]

2019년 유엔 인구 통계

총인구: 970만 명

15세 미만 인구: 14.4%

15~24세 인구: 10.6%

25~64세 인구: 55.3%

65세 이상 인구: 19.7%

노인 부양 가능 인구(65세 이상 노인 1명당 25~64세 노동 인구): 2.8명

인구 성장률: -0.2%

조출생률(인구 1000명당): 9.5명

합계출산율: 1.51명

조사망률(인구 1000명당): 12.6명

영아사망률(1살 미만 1000명당): 4명

유아사망률(5세 미만 1000명당): 4명

출생시 기대수명: 76.9세

인구의 역사

연도별 인구
연도인구±%
1784[7]2,681,595—    
18705,011,310+86.9%
18805,329,191+6.3%
18906,009,351+12.8%
19006,854,415+14.1%
19107,612,114+11.1%
19207,986,875+4.9%
19308,685,109+8.7%
19419,316,074+7.3%
19499,204,799−1.2%
19609,961,044+8.2%
197010,300,996+3.4%
198010,709,463+4.0%
199010,374,823−3.1%
200110,200,298−1.7%
20119,937,628−2.6%
20219,730,000−2.1%
참조: 현재 헝가리의 영토를 기준으로 나타낸 것임[6]
날짜 예측 인구 크로아티아 왕국 시절 헝가리인의 비중
(기원후) 900
  • 250,000-350,000[8]
  • 500,000-600,000[8]
  • 600,000[9]
  • 1,000,000-1,500,000[10]
 66%[9][11]
1000 1,000,000-1,500,000[12]
1060 500,000-550,000[8]
1100 2,000,000[10]
1181 2,600,000[10]
1200 1,000,000-1,100,000[8]
1222 2,000,000[13] 70–80%[14][15]
1242
  • 1,020,000-1,220,000[8]
  • 1,200,000[15]
1300
1348
1370 경 2,000,000 60–70%[15] (크로아티아 포함)
1400
1490
1600
1699
1711
1720
1785-87 8,000,000
1790
1828 11,495,536
1830
  • 37% (44 퍼센트가 헝가리 중심부에 거주)[52]
1837
1846 12,033,399
  • 40–45%
  • 41.6%[54]
  • 36.5-40% (크로아티아 왕국)[54]
1850 11,600,000
1857 13,830,870 44.5%[8]
1869 13,508,000 45.2%[56]
1880 13,749,603 46%
1900 16,838,255 51.4%[57]
1910 18,264,533
  • 54.5%[57]
  • 48.1% (크로아티아 왕국)[58]

인구 통계

1850-1900 합계출산율

출처: Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation.[59]

연도 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860[59]
합계출산율 5.18 5.15 5.12 5.09 5.06 5.03 5 4.97 4.94 4.91 4.88
연도 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870[59]
합계출산율 4.85 5.11 5.41 5.03 5.11 5.02 4.64 5.09 5.12 5.14
연도 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880[59]
합계출산율 5.23 4.96 5.18 5.23 5.55 5.61 5.29 5.23 5.58 5.23
연도 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890[59]
합계출산율 5.28 5.4 5.5 5.59 5.48 5.57 5.41 5.36 5.35 4.93
연도 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900[59]
합계출산율 5.2 4.96 5.25 5.08 5.48 5.11 4.97 4.95 4.62 4.79
1910–2009 헝가리의 인구 추이. 설명 포함.

1900-현재 출생 및 사망 통계

[60][61][62][63][64]

출처: 헝가리 중앙 통계청[65]

인구 출생아 수 사망자 수 자연 증감 조출생률 (1000명당) 조사망률(1000명당) 자연 증감률 (1000명당) 합계출산율[66][67]
1900 6,854,000 268,019 177,363 90,656 39.4 27.0 12.4 5.28
1901 260,439 166,662 93,777 37.6 25.0 12.6 5.22
1902 270,385 179,260 91,125 38.6 26.9 11.7 5.16
1903 258,209 179,518 78,691 36.5 26.1 10.4 5.10
1904 260,446 172,704 87,742 37.0 24.8 12.2 5.04
1905 252,501 203,516 48,985 35.5 27.8 7.7 4.98
1906 258,296 176,938 81,358 36.1 24.9 11.2 4.91
1907 261,231 180,216 81,015 36.2 25.6 10.6 4.85
1908 268,637 177,872 90,765 36.7 25.0 11.7 4.79
1909 271,177 184,445 86,732 37.1 25.4 11.7 4.73
1910 7,612,000 265,457 168,875 96,582 35.4 23.4 12.0 4.67
1911 261,375 184,009 77,366 34.8 24.8 10.0 4.59
1912 270,804 172,148 98,656 36.0 23.0 13.0 4.50
1913 264,418 174,241 90,177 34.3 23.2 11.1 4.42
1914 270,690 176,574 94,116 34.5 23.4 11.1 4.34
1915 187,734 189,418 -1,684 23.7 25.3 -1.6 4.26
1916 135,443 159,810 -24,367 16.8 20.9 -4.1 4.17
1917 130,817 163,507 -32,690 16.0 20.7 -4.7 4.09
1918 127,894 207,395 -79,501 15.3 25.7 -10.4 4.01
1919 7,860,000 217,431 157,392 60,039 27.6 20.0 7.6 3.93
1920 7,940,000 249,458 169,717 79,741 31.4 21.4 10.0 3.84
1921 8,020,000 255,453 170,059 85,394 31.8 21.2 10.6 3.81
1922 8,080,000 249,279 173,351 75,928 30.8 21.4 9.4 3.60
1923 8,170,000 238,971 159,287 79,684 29.2 19.5 9.7 3.39
1924 8,220,000 221,462 167,668 53,794 26.9 20.4 6.5 3.18
1925 8,300,000 235,480 142,150 93,330 28.3 17.1 11.2 3.36
1926 8,370,000 229,484 139,905 89,579 27.4 16.7 10.7 3.24
1927 8,490,000 218,548 150,675 67,873 25.8 17.8 8.0 3.05
1928 8,510,000 224,693 146,496 78,197 26.4 17.2 9.2 3.08
1929 8,580,000 215,463 152,847 62,976 25.1 17.8 7.3 2.92
1930 8,660,000 219,784 134,341 85,443 25.4 15.5 9.9 2.84
1931 8,730,000 206,925 144,968 61,957 23.7 16.6 7.1 2.84
1932 8,783,000 205,529 157,106 48,423 23.4 17.9 5.5 2.78
1933 8,845,000 193,911 129,913 63,998 21.9 14.7 7.3 2.72
1934 8,915,000 194,279 129,049 65,230 21.8 14.5 7.3 2.57
1935 8,980,000 189,479 136,923 52,556 21.1 15.2 5.9 2.55
1936 9,040,000 183,369 128,333 55,036 20.3 14.2 6.1 2.48
1937 9,100,000 182,449 128,049 54,400 20.0 14.1 6.0 2.42
1938 9,159,000 182,206 130,628 51,578 19.9 14.3 5.6 2.46
1939 9,217,000 178,633 124,591 54,042 19.4 13.5 5.9 2.50
1940 9,280,000 185,562 132,735 52,827 20.0 14.3 5.7 2.48
1941 9,340,000 177,047 123,349 53,698 19.0 13.2 5.7 2.52
1942 9,392,000 187,187 136,844 50,343 19.9 14.6 5.4 2.55
1943 9,440,000 173,295 127,158 46,137 18.4 13.5 4.9 2.55
1944 9,250,000 190,000 144,048 45,952 20.5 15.6 5.0 2.61
1945 9,055,000 169,091 211,323 -42,232 18.7 23.3 -4.7 2.64
1946 9,042,000 169,120 135,486 33,634 18.7 15.0 3.7 2.67
1947 9,093,000 187,316 117,537 69,779 20.6 12.9 7.7 2.70
1948 9,158,000 191,907 105,780 86,127 21.0 11.6 9.4 2.73
1949 9,249,000 190,398 105,718 84,680 20.6 11.4 9.2 2.76
1950 9,338,000 195,567 106,902 88,665 20.9 11.4 9.5 2.77
1951 9,423,000 190,645 109,998 80,647 20.2 11.7 8.6 2.76
1952 9,504,000 185,820 107,443 78,377 19.6 11.3 8.2 2.72
1953 9,595,000 206,926 112,039 94,887 21.6 11.7 9.9 2.67
1954 9,706,000 223,347 106,670 116,677 23.0 11.0 12.0 2.61
1955 9,825,000 210,430 97,848 112,582 21.4 10.0 11.5 2.53
1956 9,911,000 192,810 104,236 88,574 19.5 10.5 8.9 2.44
1957 9,840,000 167,202 103,645 63,557 17.0 10.5 6.5 2.34
1958 9,882,000 158,428 97,866 60,562 16.0 9.9 6.1 2.23
1959 9,937,000 151,194 103,880 47,314 15.2 10.5 4.8 2.12
1960 9,983,512 146,461 101,525 44,936 14.7 10.2 4.5 2.02
1961 10,027,958 140,365 96,410 43,955 14.0 9.6 4.4 1.94
1962 10,060,825 130,053 108,273 21,780 12.9 10.8 2.2 1.79
1963 10,087,947 132,335 99,871 32,464 13.1 9.9 3.2 1.82
1964 10,119,835 132,141 100,830 31,311 13.1 10.0 3.1 1.81
1965 10,147,935 133,009 108,119 24,890 13.1 10.7 2.5 1.82
1966 10,178,653 138,489 101,943 36,546 13.6 10.0 3.6 1.89
1967 10,216,604 148,886 109,530 39,356 14.6 10.7 3.9 2.01
1968 10,255,815 154,419 115,354 39,065 15.1 11.2 3.8 2.06
1969 10,298,723 154,318 116,659 37,659 15.0 11.3 3.7 2.03
1970 10,337,910 151,819 120,197 31,622 14.7 11.6 3.1 1.98
1971 10,367,537 150,640 123,009 27,631 14.5 11.9 2.7 1.93
1972 10,398,489 153,265 118,991 34,274 14.7 11.4 3.3 1.92
1973 10,432,055 156,224 123,366 32,858 15.0 11.8 3.1 1.93
1974 10,478,720 186,288 125,816 60,472 17.8 12.0 5.8 2.27
1975 10,540,525 194,240 131,102 63,138 18.4 12.4 6.0 2.34
1976 10,598,677 185,405 132,240 53,165 17.5 12.5 5.0 2.23
1977 10,648,031 177,574 132,031 45,543 16.7 12.4 4.3 2.15
1978 10,684,822 168,160 140,121 28,039 15.7 13.1 2.6 2.06
1979 10,704,152 160,364 136,829 23,535 15.0 12.8 2.2 2.00
1980 10,711,122 148,673 145,355 3,318 13.9 13.6 0.3 1.91
1981 10,711,848 142,890 144,757 -1,867 13.3 13.5 -0.2 1.87
1982 10,705,535 133,559 144,318 -10,759 12.5 13.5 -1.0 1.79
1983 10,689,463 127,258 148,643 -21,385 11.9 13.9 -2.0 1.74
1984 10,668,095 125,359 146,709 -21,350 11.8 13.8 -2.0 1.75
1985 10,648,713 130,200 147,614 -17,414 12.2 13.9 -1.6 1.85
1986 10,630,564 128,204 147,089 -18,885 12.1 13.8 -1.8 1.84
1987 10,612,741 125,840 142,601 -16,761 11.9 13.4 -1.6 1.82
1988 10,596,487 124,296 140,042 -15,746 11.7 13.2 -1.5 1.81
1989 10,481,719 123,304 144,695 -21,391 11.8 13.8 -2.0 1.80
1990 10,373,988 125,679 145,660 -19,981 12.1 14.0 -1.9 1.87
1991 10,373,400 127,207 144,813 -17,606 12.3 14.0 -1.7 1.88
1992 10,369,341 121,724 148,781 -27,057 11.7 14.3 -2.6 1.78
1993 10,357,523 117,033 150,244 -33,211 11.3 14.5 -3.2 1.69
1994 10,343,355 115,598 146,889 -31,291 11.2 14.2 -3.0 1.64
1995 10,328,965 112,054 145,431 -33,377 10.8 14.1 -3.2 1.57
1996 10,311,238 105,272 143,130 -37,858 10.2 13.9 -3.7 1.46
1997 10,290,486 100,350 139,434 -39,084 9.8 13.5 -3.8 1.38
1998 10,266,570 97,301 140,870 -43,569 9.5 13.7 -4.2 1.32
1999 10,237,530 94,645 143,210 -48,565 9.2 14.0 -4.7 1.28
2000 10,210,971 97,597 135,601 -38,004 9.6 13.3 -3.7 1.32
2001 10,187,576 97,047 132,183 -35,136 9.5 13.0 -3.4 1.31
2002 10,158,608 96,804 132,833 -36,029 9.5 13.1 -3.5 1.30
2003 10,129,552 94,647 135,823 -41,176 9.3 13.4 -4.1 1.27
2004 10,107,146 95,137 132,492 -37,355 9.4 13.1 -3.7 1.27
2005 10,087,065 97,496 135,732 -38,236 9.7 13.5 -3.8 1.30
2006 10,071,370 99,871 131,603 -31,732 9.9 13.1 -3.2 1.34
2007 10,055,780 97,613 132,938 -35,325 9.7 13.2 -3.5 1.31
2008 10,038,188 99,149 130,027 -30,878 9.9 13.0 -3.1 1.35
2009 10,022,650 96,442 130,414 -33,972 9.6 13.0 -3.4 1.32
2010 10,000,023 90,335 130,456 -40,121 9.0 13.0 -4.0 1.25
2011 9,971,727 88,049 128,795 -40,746 8.8 12.9 -4.1 1.23
2012 9,920,362 90,269 129,440 -39,171 9.1 13.0 -3.9 1.34
2013 9,893,082 88,689 126,778 -38,089 9.0 12.8 -3.9 1.34
2014 9,866,468 91,510 126,308 -34,798 9.3 12.8 -3.5 1.41
2015 9,843,028 91,690 131,697 -40,007 9.3 13.4 -4.1 1.44
2016 9,814,023 93,063 127,053 -33,990 9.5 12.9 -3.5 1.49
2017 9,787,966 91,577 131,674 -40,097 9.4 13.5 -4.1 1.49
2018 9,775,564 89,807 131,045 -41,238 9.2 13.4 -4.2 1.49
2019 9,771,141 89,193 129,603 -40,410 9.1 13.3 -4.1 1.49
2020 9,750,149 92,338 141,002 -48,664 9.5 14.5 -5.0 1.56
헝가리 지역별 출산율 (2014)
  1.7 - 1.9
  1.5 - 1.7
  1.4 - 1.5
  1.3 - 1.4
  < 1.3

1950-현재 출생시 기대수명

기간 기대수명[68]
1950–1955 64.01
1955–1960 증가 66.91
1960–1965 증가 68.79
1965–1970 증가 69.45
1970–1975 감소 69.41
1975–1980 증가 69.59
1980–1985 감소 69.08
1985–1990 증가 69.42
1990–1995 감소 69.41
1995–2000 증가 70.88
2000–2005 증가 72.54
2005–2010 증가 73.74
2010–2015 증가 75.26
2015–2020 증가 76.65

같이 보기

각주

  1. ↑ “STADAT – 1.1. Population, vital statistics (1900–)”. 《portal.ksh.hu》. 2017년 9월 16일에 확인함. 
  2. ↑ Gulyas, Veronika (2010년 10월 28일). “Hungarian Population Falls Below 10 Million”. 《The Wall Street Journal》. 
  3. ↑ United Nations Population Division (2019년 6월 17일). “Total population, both sexes combined (thousands)”. 2021년 7월 22일에 확인함. 
  4. ↑ United Nations Population Division (2019년 6월 17일). “Average annual rate of population change (percentage)”. 2021년 7월 22일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ United Nations Population Division (2019년 6월 17일). “Total fertility rate (live births per woman)”. 2021년 7월 22일에 확인함. 
  6. ↑ Népesség a település jellege szerint, január 1. (1980–) KSH.hu
  7. ↑ Dezső Danyi-Zoltán Dávid: Az első magyarországi népszámlálás (1784–1787)/The first census in Hungary (1784–1787), Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest, 1960, pp. 30
  8. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 사 아 자 József Kovacsics, Population history of Hungary mirrored by the conference-series (896-1870) (Magyarország népességtörténete a konferenciasorozat tükrésben (896-1870)), In: Demographia, 1996 - VOLUME 39, NUMBER 2-3, p. 145-165
  9. ↑ 가 나 《A Country Study: Hungary》. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 2009년 3월 6일에 확인함. 
  10. ↑ 가 나 다 라 Péter Rabb, Natural conditions in the Carpathian Basin of the Middle Ages, 2007, p. 58
  11. ↑ Edgar C. Polomé, Essays on Germanic religion, Institute for the Study of Man, 1989, p. 150 [1]
  12. ↑ 가 나 Marcell Sebők, The man of many devices, who wandered full many ways--: festschrift in honour of János M. Bak, Central European University Press, 1999, p. 658
  13. ↑ Nóra Berend, At the gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims, and "pagans" in medieval Hungary, c. 1000-c. 1300, Cambridge University Press, 2001, pp. 63-72
  14. ↑ 가 나 다 Hungary. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/276730/Hungary
  15. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 Historical World Atlas. With the commendation of the Royal Geographical Society. Carthographia, Budapest, Hungary, 2005. ISBN 978-963-352-002-4 CM
  16. ↑ 가 나 Tore Nyberg, Lars Bisgaard, Medieval spirituality in Scandinavia and Europe: a collection of essays in honour of Tore Nyberg, Odense University Press, 2001, p. 170
  17. ↑ 가 나 Josiah Cox Russell, Late ancient and medieval population, American Philosophical Society, 1958, p. 100
  18. ↑ 가 나 György Enyedi, Hungary: an economic geography, Westview Press, 1976, p. 23
  19. ↑ Miklós Molnár, A concise history of Hungary, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 42
  20. ↑ 가 나 Elena Mannová, Blanka Brezováková, A concise history of Slovakia, Historický ústav SAV, 2000, p. 88
  21. ↑ Joseph Slabey Rouček, Contemporary Europe: a study of national, international, economic, and cultural trends. A symposium, D. Van Nostrand Co., 1947, p. 424
  22. ↑ 가 나 다 M. L. Bush, Servitude in modern times, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, p. 143
  23. ↑ Éva Molnár, Hungary: essential facts, figures & pictures, MTI Media Data Bank, 1995
  24. ↑ 가 나 다 Lauren S. Bahr, Bernard Johnston (M.A.), Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index, Volume 12, P.F. Collier, 1993, p. 381-383
  25. ↑ 가 나 다 Raphael Patai, The Jews of Hungary: history, culture, psychology, Wayne State University Press, 1996, p. 201
  26. ↑ 가 나 다 Zoltán Halász, Hungary: a guide with a difference, Corvina Press, 1978, pp. 20-22
  27. ↑ Joseph Held, Hunyadi: legend and reality, East European Monographs, 1985, p. 59
  28. ↑ 가 나 George Richard Potter, The New Cambridge modern history: The Renaissance, 1493–1520, CUP Archive, 1971, p. 405 [2]
  29. ↑ 가 나 The New review, Volume 6, World Federation of Ukrainian Former Political Prisoners and Victims of the Soviet Regime, A. Pidhainy., 1966, p. 25 [3]
  30. ↑ Leslie Konnyu, Hungarians in the United States: an immigration study, American Hungarian Review, 1967, p. 4 [[iarchive:hungariansinunit00konn|]]
  31. ↑ László Kósa, István Soós, A companion to Hungarian studies, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1999, p. 16 [4]
  32. ↑ Teppo Korhonen, Helena Ruotsala, Eeva Uusitalo, Making and breaking of borders: ethnological interpretations, presentations, representations, Finnish Literature Society, 2003, p.39 [5]
  33. ↑ Carlile Aylmer Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 1790–1918, Macmillan, 1969, p. 79 [6]
  34. ↑ Gábor Ágoston, Bruce Alan Masters, Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 258 [7]
  35. ↑ Domokos G. Kosáry, A history of Hungary, The Benjamin Franklin bibliophile society, 1941, p. 79 [8]
  36. ↑ 가 나 다 Michael Hochedlinger, Austria's wars of emergence: war, state and society in the Habsburg monarchy, 1683-1797, Pearson Education, 2003, p. 21
  37. ↑ 가 나 다 Stephen Denis Kertesz, Diplomacy in a whirlpool: Hungary between Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, Greenwood Press, 1974, p. 191
  38. ↑ 가 나 The Ottomans and the Balkans: a discussion of historiography By Fikret Adanır, Suraiya Faroqhi p.333 [9][깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
  39. ↑ 가 나 István György Tóth, Gábor Ágoston, Millenniumi magyar történet: Magyarország története a honfoglalástól napjainkig, Osiris, 2001, p. 321
  40. ↑ 가 나 Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman warfare, 1500-1700, Rutgers University Press, 1999, p. 174
  41. ↑ 가 나 Klára Papp – János Barta Jr., Minorities research 6. 보관됨 2011-12-29 - 웨이백 머신, Kisebbségkutatás (Minorities Studies and Reviews)
  42. ↑ Lonnie Johnson, Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 100
  43. ↑ Eric H. Boehm, Historical abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914, Volume 49, Issues 1-2, American Bibliographical Center of ABC-Clio, 1998, p. 331
  44. ↑ Imre Wellmann, A magyar mezőgazdaság a XVIII. században, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1979, p. 13
  45. ↑ Rudolf Andorka, Determinants of fertility in advanced societies, Taylor & Francis, 1978, p. 93
  46. ↑ 가 나 David I. Kertzer, Aging in the past: demography, society, and old age, University of California Press, 1995, p. 130
  47. ↑ M. L. Bush, Rich noble, poor noble, Manchester University Press ND, 1988, p. 19 [10]
  48. ↑ Peter F. Sugar, Péter Hanák, Tibor Frank, A History of Hungary, Indiana University Press, 1994 pp. 11-143.[11]
  49. ↑ “The Encyclopedia Americana”. Americana Corporation. 1968년 4월 6일 – Google Books 경유. 
  50. ↑ Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: encyclopedia of the early modern world, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 230 [12]
  51. ↑ Arthur J. Sabin, Red Scare in Court: New York Versus the International Workers Order, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, p. 4 [13]
  52. ↑ Krej?í, O.; Styan, M.C.; vied, Ú. (2005). 《Geopolitics of the Central European Region: The View from Prague and Bratislava》. VEDA, Publishing House of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. 284쪽. ISBN 9788022408523. 2015년 5월 18일에 확인함. 
  53. ↑ 가 나 Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries, History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Taylor & Francis, 2007, page 259, ISBN 978-0-415-36627-4
  54. ↑ 가 나 Paul Lendvai, The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2003, p.286 [14]
  55. ↑ A Concise History of Hungary, by Miklós Molnár page 179
  56. ↑ Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825-1945
  57. ↑ 가 나 Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: an introduction to the people, lands, and culture / edited by Richard Frucht, Volume 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 356 [15]
  58. ↑ Carl Cavanagh Hodge, Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914: A-K, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008, p. 306 [16]
  59. ↑ 가 나 다 라 마 바 Max Roser (2014), “Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries”, 《Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation》 
  60. ↑ B.R. Mitchell. European historical statistics, 1750–1975.
  61. ↑ United nations. Demographic Yearbook 1948
  62. ↑ “Vital statistics, Hungarian Central Statistical Office”. ksh.hu. 2015년 5월 18일에 확인함. 
  63. ↑ “Vital events by county and region”. 
  64. ↑ “Main indicators of population and vital events”. 
  65. ↑ “Hungarian Central Statistical Office”. 
  66. ↑ Max Roser (2014), “Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries”, 《Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation》 
  67. ↑ “World Factbook EUROPE : HUNGARY”, 《The World Factbook》, 2018년 7월 12일 
  68. ↑ “World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations”. 《esa.un.org》. 2018년 8월 26일에 확인함. 

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