토훈가

토훈가(tohunga)는 뉴질랜드 원주민인 마오리 문화에서 특정 분야(종교, 치유, 항해, 조각, 건축, 교육 등)의 전문적 술자(expert practitioner)를 가리킨다. 토훈가는 대개 화나우(대가족)의 가장이었으나, 랑아티라(족장)나 아리키(귀족)의 반열에 드는 경우도 많았다.[1] 하와이 원주민의 카후나와 유래가 같다.

다음과 같은 다양한 토훈가 클래스가 있었다(Best 1924:166).

  • 토훈가 아후레와(Tohunga ahurewa): 최고위 사제.
  • 토훈가 마타키테(Tohunga matakite): 미래를 예언하는 점복사.
  • 토훈가 화카이로(Tohunga whakairo): 조각의 전문가.
  • 토훈가 라랑아(Tohunga raranga): 베짜기의 전문가.
  • 토훈가 타타이 아로랑이(Tohunga tātai arorangi): 점성술 전문가.
  • 토훈가 코코랑이(Tohunga kōkōrangi): 천체 전문가(천문학자).
  • 토훈가 타라이 와카(Tohunga tārai waka): 카누 조선 전문가.
  • 토훈가 웨테레오(Tohunga wetereo): 언어의 전문가.
  • 토훈가 타 모코(Tohunga tā moko): 문신 전문가.
  • 토훈가 마히 토이(Tohunga mahi toi): 미술 전문가.
  • 토훈가 티캉아 탕아타(Tohunga tikanga tangata): 인간 전문가(인류학자).
  • 토훈가 오 투마타우엥가(Tohunga o Tumatauenga): 무기 전문가, 또는 군종사제
  • 토훈가 키아토(Tohunga kiato): 최하위 사제.

각 분야의 토훈가들은 카라키아(기도), 파테레(챈트), 와이아타(노래)를 통해 영적인 세계와 교감할 수 있는 선천적 능력을 타고났다고 여겨졌고, 그러한 교감에 필요한 기도나 노래는 스승 토훈가에게 배워 전승되었다. 그러나 다른 문화권의 사제나 샤먼과 달리 토훈가의 교감과 능력은 각자의 전문분야에 특화되어 있었다.

각주

  1. ↑ Mead, S. M. (1997). Landmarks, bridges and visions: Essays. Wellington, New Zealand: Victoria University Press. (p. 197).
이 글은 뉴질랜드에 관한 토막글입니다. 여러분의 지식으로 알차게 문서를 완성해 갑시다.
이 글은 문화에 관한 토막글입니다. 여러분의 지식으로 알차게 문서를 완성해 갑시다.

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