칼라쉬인

칼라쉬인
칼라쉬인 소녀
칼라쉬인 소녀
총인구
4100명에서 31000명 사이
지역
파키스탄
언어
칼라쉬어
종교
원시 브라만교
민족계통
인도아리아인
근연민족 누리스탄인

칼라샤인(کالؕاしؕا) 또는 칼라쉬인파키스탄 카이베르파크툰크와주의 치트랄구에 거주하는 인도아리아[1] [a] 원주민이다.

그들은 파키스탄인 사이에서 독특한 종교 집단으로 여겨진다.[2][3][4] 그들은 또한 파키스탄에서 가장 작은 민족 종교 집단으로 여겨지며,[5] 저자들이 애니미즘의 한 형태로 특징짓는 것을 전통적으로 실천하고 있다.[6][7][8] [b][9] 20세기 중반에 파키스탄의 칼라샤 마을 몇 곳을 이슬람교로 개종시키려는 시도가 있었지만, 이들은 개종에 반대했고, 공식적인 압력이 사라지자 대다수 사람들이 다시 자신들의 종교를 믿기 시작했다.[3] 그럼에도 불구하고, 일부 칼라샤인들은 이슬람교로 개종했지만, 이후 이슬람교로 개종했다는 이유로 그들의 공동체로부터 외면을 받았다.[10][11]

이 용어는 바이족, 치마니셰이족, 반테족, 아쉬쿤어족, 트레가미어족을 포함한 많은 뚜렷한 사람들을 지칭하기 위해 사용된다.[3] 칼라쉬인은 아시아의 원주민으로 간주되며, 그들의 조상은 아마도 더 남쪽에 있는 다른 위치에서 치트랄 계곡으로 이주해 왔다.[2][12] 칼라쉬는 민요와 서사시에서 이를 "트시얌"이라고 부른다.[13] 그들은 알렉산드로스 대왕의 원정에서 남겨진 그리스 군대의 후손이라고 주장하지만, 그가 그 지역을 통과했다는 증거는 없다.[14][15][c] 그들은 또한 간다라인의 후손으로 여겨지기도 한다.[16]

아프가니스탄과 인접한 누리스탄(역사적으로 카피리스탄 으로 알려져 있음) 지방에 사는 이웃 민족인 누리스탄인은 한때 동일한 문화를 가졌고 몇 가지 사소한 차이점을 제외하면 칼라쉬인과 매우 유사한 신앙을 가졌다.[17][18]

역사적으로 최초로 기록된 이슬람의 영토 침입은 11세기에 가즈나 왕조에 의해 이루어졌지만,[19] 이들은 티무르의 침략 기간인 1339년에 처음으로 존재가 증명되었다.[16] 누리스탄주는 1895~96년에 강제로 이슬람교로 개종했지만 일부 증거에 따르면 누리스탄인들은 계속해서 자신들의 관습을 따르고 있었다.[20] 반면 치트랄의 칼라쉬인들은 그들만의 분리된 문화적 전통을 유지해 왔다.[21]

주해

  1. The Kalasha are a unique people living in just three valleys near Chitral, Pakistan, the capital of North-West Frontier Province, which borders Afghanistan ... However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbours that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.[1]
  2. Nowhere is this more evident than among the pagan Kalash, a non-Islamic community living in the isolated valleys of Chitral whose faith is founded on animism.[8]
  3. According to their traditions, the Väi fled the Ghaznavid invasion of Kâma, following the Kunar up to mâdeš and samâlâm in the Shigal Valley and thence over the watershed to their main community of väigal. Accounts of the Gawâr people state that the Väi expropriated the current site of Väigal from the Gawâr, who fled to the Kunar Valley. As the Väi expanded, they established the communities listed above.
    At a probable later time, Âṣkuňu-speaking immigrants from the community of Nakara in the Titin Valley in Laghmân migrated eastward, settled the community of gřâmsaňâ gřâm in the middle Pech Valley, and thence moved further on into the lower Wâigal basin. There they established the community of nišeigrâm and gradually settled the district of čimi, which includes the communities of müldeš, kegal, and akuṇ. The čima-nišei, as these people call themselves, drove out the native preǰvře˜inhabitants to the neighbouring valley of Tregâm. They apparently adopted the language, väi-alâ, of the upper valley inhabitants (varǰan); so that today both the Čima-Nišei and the Väi speak Kalaṣa-alâ, although with a distinct division of dialects. The inhabitants of the hamlet of vânt were originally refugees from later Muslim invaders in Tregâm; they speak Kalaṣa-alâ but are not reckonned as either Väi or Čima-Nišei.[15]

같이 보기

각주

  1. West, Barbara A. (2010년 5월 19일). 《Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania》 (영어). Infobase Publishing. 357쪽. ISBN 9781438119137. 
  2. “The Kalash – Protection and Conservation of an Endangered Minority in the Hindukush Mountain Belt of Chitral, Northern Pakistan” (PDF). 2007년 7월 7일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 
  3. “Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: The Kalasha of Kalashüm”. 《www.nuristan.info》. 2022년 12월 31일에 확인함. 
  4. Augusto S. Cacopardo.
  5. 'Earthquake was Allah's wrath for Kalash community's immoral ways'. 《The Express Tribune》. 2015년 11월 10일. 2015년 11월 11일에 확인함. 
  6. “The Kalash: Pakistan's last animist tribe”. 《Atalayar》 (영어). 2021년 3월 29일. 2022년 12월 31일에 확인함. 
  7. Searle, Mike (2013년 3월 28일). 《Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet》. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-165249-3. 
  8. Camerapix (1998). 《Spectrum Guide to Pakistan》. Interlink Books. ISBN 978-1-56656-240-9. 
  9. Sheehan, Sean (October 1993). 《Pakistan》. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-1-85435-583-6. 
  10. Ahmed, Akbar S. (1986). 〈The Islamization of the Kalash Kafirs〉. 《Pakistan Society: Islam, ethnicity, and leadership in South Asia》. New York, NY: Mayflower Books. 23–28쪽. ISBN 978-0-19-577350-7. 
  11. “Tribe of Kalash: The Last Kafir”. 《Global Human Rights Defence》 (미국 영어). 2021년 3월 1일. 2021년 4월 22일에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 2021년 4월 11일에 확인함. 
  12. Nicolaisen, Johannes; Yde, Jens (1963). 《Folk: dansk etnografisk tidsskrift》 (영어). Dansk etnografisk forening. 
  13. 《East and West》 (영어). Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1992. 
  14. Shah, Danial (2012년 9월 29일). “In the land of infidels”. 《DAWN.COM》 (영어). 2023년 3월 16일에 확인함. 
  15. Strand, R. “The kalaṣa of kalaṣüm Strand”. 《nuristan.info》. 
  16. Adamec, L.W., 편집. (1985). 《Historical and Political Gazetteer of Afghanistan》 6. Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt Graz. 349쪽. He identifies them more particularly with the Gandhari, that is to say, the former inhabitants of what is now known as the Mohmand country. 
  17. Saxena, Anju (2011년 5월 12일). 《Himalayan Languages: Past and Present》 (영어). Walter de Gruyter. 72쪽. ISBN 9783110898873. 
  18. 《South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka》 (영어). Taylor & Francis. 2003. 318쪽. ISBN 9780415939195. 
  19. Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush, By Augusto S. Cacopardo
  20. . Columbia University.  |제목=이(가) 없거나 비었음 (도움말)
  21. Newby, Eric.

서지

 

  • Raza, M. Hanif (1998). 《Heavens of Hindukush》. Colorpix. 123쪽. ISBN 9789698010133. 
  • Böck, Monika; Rao, Aparna, 편집. (2000). 《Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice》. Berghahn Books. 277쪽. ISBN 978-1-57-181912-3. 
  • Lines, Maureen (2003). 《The Last Eden》. Alhamra. 311쪽. ISBN 978-9-69-516126-5. 
  • Lines, Maureen (1996). 《The Kalasha People of North-Western Pakistan》. Emjay Books International. 49쪽. 
  • Cacopardo, Augusto S. (2016) Pagan Christmas. Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush. Gingko Library. London.
  • Decker, Kendall D. (1992). 《Languages of Chitral》. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University. ISBN 978-969-8023-15-7. 
  • Morgenstierne, Georg (2007) [1926]. 《Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan.》. Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning, Oslo. Serie C I-2. Bronx, NY: Ishi Press International. ISBN 978-0-923891-09-1. 
  • Denker, Debra (October 1981). “Pakistan's Kalash People”. 《National Geographic》: 458–473. 
  • Sir George Scott Robertson, 1896. The Kafirs of The Hindu-Kush, London: Lawrence & Bullen Ltd.
  • Georg Morgenstierne Report on a Linguistic Mission to North-Western India ISBN 978-0-923891-14-5
  • Georg Morgenstierne, 1973. Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages, Vol. IV: The Kalasha Language. Oslo.
  • Georg Morgenstierne, 1947. The spring festival of the Kalash Kafirs.In: India Antiqua. Fs. J.Ph. Vogel. Leiden: Brill, pp 240–248
  • Trail, Gail H, Tsyam revisited: a study of Kalasha origins. In: Elena Bashir and Israr-ud-Din (eds.), Proceedings of the second International Hindukush Cultural Conference, 359–76. Hindukush and Karakoram Studies, 1. Karachi: Oxford University Press (1996).
  • Parkes, Peter (1987). "Livestock Symbolism and Pastoral Ideology among the Kafirs of the Hindu Kush." Man 22:637-60.
  • D. Levinson et al., Encyclopedia of world cultures, MacMillan Reference Books (1995).
  • Rao, Aparna; Böck, Monika (2000). 《Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice》. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-911-6. 
  • Viviane Lièvre, Jean-Yves Loude, Kalash Solstice: Winter Feasts of the Kalash of North Pakistan, Lok Virsa (1988)
  • Ali, Shaheen Sardar; Rehman, Javaid (2001). 《Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities of Pakistan: Constitutional and Legal Perspectives》. Curzon. ISBN 9780700711598. 
  • Paolo Graziosi, The Wooden Statue of Dezalik, a Kalash Divinity, Chitral, Pakistan, Man (1961).
  • Maraini Fosco, Gli ultimi pagani, Bur, Milano, 2001.
  • M. Witzel, The Ṛgvedic Religious System and its Central Asian and Hindukush Antecedents. In: A. Griffiths & J.E.M. Houben (eds.). The Vedas: Texts, Language and Ritual. Groningen: Forsten 2004: 581–636.
  • Mytte Fentz, The Kalasha. Mountain People of the Hindu Kush. Rhodos Publishers, Copenhagen 2010. ISBN 9788772459745.
  • Religion as a Space for Kalash Identity: A Case Study of Village Bumburetin Kalash Valley, District Chitral, Dr. Anwaar Mohyuddin

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