오카마

오카마(일본어: おかま)는 일본에서 사용되는 성소수자 멸칭이다. 여성적 남성 동성애자, 여장남자, 드랙퀸, 트랜스여성, 성산업 종사자, 심지어 여성적인 이성애자 남성에 이르기까지 온갖 개념들이 뒤섞여 여성적 성향을 지닌 성적 소수자 전반이 "오카마"라고 지칭되고 있다. 업소 종사자나 일부 남성 동성애자, 여장남자가 스스로를 "오카마"라고 자학적으로 지칭하기도 한다. 하지만 오카마는 일반적으로 멸칭이며, 제3자가 타자, 특히 트랜스젠더를 오카마라고 부를 경우 차별 및 모욕에 해당할 수 있다.

"오카마"란 원래 항문을 의미하는 에도 시대의 속어이다.[1] 그러던 것이 2차대전 종전 이후 일정 시기에 항문성교를 하는 여장남창을 가리키는 멸칭으로 사용되었다. 이때부터 여장남자들은 오카마라는 말을 멸칭으로 인지하고 그렇게 불리고 싶지 않다는 항의의 목소리를 내고 있었다.[2]

그러다 오카마라는 말이 여성적인 게이에 대한 멸칭으로 확대된 것은 도고 켄이 국정선거에 출마한 1971년경이라고 생각된다. 도고는 선거 홍보 프로그램에서 스스로를 “오카마 도고 켄입니다”라고 소개했고 1975년에 오스기와 피코가 “우리 오카마입니다”라는 유행어를 통해 용어를 안방까지 확산시켰다.[2]

1980년대 들어서는 사용 범위가 더욱 확대되어 여장남자는 물론, 여장을 하지 않아도 그저 행동이나 성격이 여성적인 게이, 더 나아가 여성적인 이성애자 남성에 대한 멸칭으로까지 활발하게 사용되게 되었다. 남자는 남자다워야한다는 전통적 성차별 의식도 배경이 되어 학교 등에서는 여성적 성향이 있는 남자가 동성애자와 이성애자를 불문하고 "오카마"라고 지칭되며 폭력, 이지메를 당하는 피해도 발생했다. 여성적인 남학생이 "오카마"라고 불리면서 고통을 겪었다고 호소하는 경우가 매년 200명 중 4-5명 정도 있었다.[2]

오카마 연예인으로 가장 유명한 미와 아키히로는 일부 동성애자들이 미디어에 출연하여 “우리는 어차피 오카마니까” 따위의 자학적인 말투를 사용하는 것에 대해 “자기 자신들은 그렇게 자학을 해도 상관없다. 하지만 젊은이들은 어떻게 되는가. 내일 학교에서 여성적이라는 이유로 조롱당할 것이다. 겨우 동성애가 시민권을 얻어가고 있는 상황에 역사를 거스른다”고 비판했다.

트랜스젠더 사회문화사 연구자 미즈하시 준코는 “부락차별, 재일차별, 여성차별 등의 목적으로 사용되는 다양한 멸칭과 차별용어의 사용이 자제되도록 고려되고 있지만, ‘오카마’만은 지금도 거리낌없이 사용되고, 성소수자들만이 분리당하고 있다. ‘오카마’는 일본 사회에 남아있는 차별 카테고리이며, 미디어에 최후까지 남아있는 차별 카테고리이다.”라고 말했다.[2]

각주

  1. 井上章一; 古川誠 (2004). 関西性欲研究会, 편집. 《性の用語集》. 講談社現代新書. 講談社. ISBN 4061497626.  다음 글자 무시됨: ‘和書’ (도움말);
  2. 2010年10月17日「3331 Arts Chiyoda」で開催されたシンポジウム「ジェンダー・セクシュアリティの媒介」での三橋順子の発言より。

Read other articles:

American entrepreneur Yanni HufnagelLemon Perfect Founder and CEO Yanni HufnagelCurrent positionTitleFounder & CEO of The Lemon Perfect CompanyBiographical detailsBorn (1982-08-26) August 26, 1982 (age 41)New York City, New YorkAlma mater Penn State Cornell (B.S. '06) Oklahoma (M.Ed. '10) Coaching career (HC unless noted)2007–2009Oklahoma (graduate asst.)2009–2013Harvard (asst.)2013–2014Vanderbilt (asst.)2014–2016California (asst.)2016–2017Nevada (asst.) Yanni Hufnagel...

 

Les suffragettes britanniques Annie Kenney (g.) et Christabel Pankhurst manifestent pour le droit de vote des femmes, circa 1908. Femmes votant au Bangladesh (2004). Le droit de vote des femmes est le produit d'une longue histoire qui s'inscrit dans l'histoire contemporaine. Dans le monde, le droit de vote des femmes s'est répandu à partir du début du XXe siècle. Le droit d'éligibilité s'est développé en parallèle. Chronologie Avant 1893 Avant le XXe siècle, quelques pays ...

 

Agus Wirahadikusumah Panglima Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan DaratMasa jabatan29 Maret 2000 – 1 Agustus 2000 PendahuluDjaja SuparmanPenggantiRyamizard Ryacudu Informasi pribadiLahir(1951-10-17)17 Oktober 1951Bandung, Jawa BaratMeninggal30 Agustus 2001(2001-08-30) (umur 49)JakartaSuami/istriTri RachmaningishAnak2KerabatUmar Wirahadikusumah (paman)JulukanAWKKarier militerPihakIndonesiaDinas/cabang TNI Angkatan DaratMasa dinas1973−2001Pangkat Letnan Jenderal TNINRP264...

Dominik MysterioMysterio pada April 2023Nama lahirDominik Óscar GutiérrezLahir05 April 1997 (umur 27) [1]San Diego, California, A.S.Karier gulat profesionalNama ringDominik MysterioDirty Dominik MysterioTinggi6 ft 1 in (185 cm)[2]Berat200 pon (91 kg)[2]Asal dariSan Diego, California, A.S.Dilatih olehJay Lethal[3]Konnan[4]Lance Storm[5]Rey Mysterio[6]WWE Performance CenterDebut23 Agustus 2020 Dominik Óscar...

 

Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Ali Moertopo – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Ali MoertopoAli Moertopo di acara penutupan FFI 1982 Menteri Penerangan Indonesia Ke-21Masa jabatan29 Maret 1978 – 19 Maret 1983...

 

Bello, onesto, emigrato Australia sposerebbe compaesana illibataClaudia Cardinale e Alberto Sordi in una scena del filmLingua originaleitaliano Paese di produzioneItalia Anno1971 Durata107 min Rapporto1,85:1 Generecommedia, drammatico, sentimentale RegiaLuigi Zampa SoggettoRodolfo Sonego SceneggiaturaRodolfo Sonego, Luigi Zampa (collaborazione al trattamento[1]) ProduttoreGianni Hecht Lucari FotografiaAldo Tonti MontaggioMario Morra MusichePiero Piccioni ScenografiaFlavio Mogh...

Abeno-ku in Osaka Abeno Harukas Abeno-ku (阿倍野区) is one of 24 wards of Osaka, Japan. It is located in southern Osaka city and has a population of over 107,000. In the northern part of Abeno, Abenobashi, there is the Kintetsu Minami Osaka Line which terminates at Abenobashi Station, the Midōsuji Line and Tanimachi Line of the Osaka Municipal Subway at Tennoji Station, and the Hankai Tramway's Uemachi Line which terminates at Tennoji-eki-mae Station. The Abenobashi area of Abeno is a co...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir CIT et (2906) Caltech. California Institute of TechnologyHistoireFondation 1891StatutType Université privéeNom officiel California Institute of TechnologyRégime linguistique Anglais américainFondateur Amos G. Throop (1811-1894)Devise The truth shall make you freeMembre de ORCID (d), Digital Library Federation (en), LIGO Scientific Collaboration (en)Site web www.caltech.eduChiffres-clésÉtudiants 2 238 (2017)Effectif 979LocalisationPays États-UnisV...

 

Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan agar dapat memenuhi kriteria sebagai entri Wikipedia.Bantulah untuk mengembangkan artikel ini. Jika tidak dikembangkan, artikel ini akan dihapus. Alagoas adalah sebuah negara bagian (estado) di Brasil Portugal bagian timur. Ibu kotanya adalah Maceio. Alagoas berbatasan dengan Pernambuco, Sergipe, dan Bahia. Negara bagian ini memiliki luas 27.819 km² dan memiliki populasi sebesar 2.875.674 jiwa (sensus 2001). Pranala luar (Portugis) Situs resmi Diarsipkan 2...

Conflict between the Minamoto and Taira clans of feudal Japan (1180–85) Genpei War (Jishō–Juei War)Part of Minamoto–Taira clan disputes of late Heian periodScene of the Genpei WarDateJune 20, 1180 – April 25, 1185(4 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 1 day)LocationJapanResult Minamoto clan victory; Kamakura shogunate establishedBelligerents  Minamoto clan (Yoritomo)  Miura clan  Takeda clan  Hōjō clan  Chiba clan  Taira clan  Mi...

 

Espagneau Concours Eurovision 2020 Données clés Pays  Espagne Chanson Universo Interprète Blas Cantó Sélection nationale Radiodiffuseur RTVE Type de sélection Sélection interne Date 5 octobre 2019 (artiste)30 janvier 2020 (chanson) Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2020 2019 2021 modifier L'Espagne était l'un des quarante et un pays participants prévus du Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2020, qui aurait dû se dérouler à Rotterdam aux Pays-Bas. Le pays aurait été représe...

 

Township in Illinois, United StatesBourbonnais TownshipTownshipLocation in Kankakee CountyKankakee County's location in IllinoisCoordinates: 41°10′29″N 87°51′37″W / 41.17472°N 87.86028°W / 41.17472; -87.86028CountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountyKankakeeEstablishedMay 9, 1853Government • SupervisorJim Byrne (R-Bradley)Area • Total42.61 sq mi (110.4 km2) • Land42.25 sq mi (109.4 km2) �...

American botanist Lena B. Smithers Hughes (June 8, 1905 – December 19, 1987) was an American botanist who developed improved strains of the Valencia orange, a sweet orange that is grown in the United States mainly for the production of commercial orange juice.[1] She was the first woman inducted into the Florida Agricultural Hall of Fame[2] and was also named to the Florida Women's Hall of Fame[1] and the Florida Citrus Hall of Fame.[3] Biography Valencia ora...

 

Ligament formed from the buccopharyngeal fascia Pterygomandibular rapheMuscles of the pharynx and cheek. (Pterygo-Mandibular ligament labeled at center, vertically.)DetailsPart ofBuccopharyngeal fasciaOriginPterygoid hamulus of the medial pterygoid plateInsertionMylohyoid line of the mandibleIdentifiersLatinraphe pterygomandibularisTA98A05.3.01.102TA22178FMA55618Anatomical terminology[edit on Wikidata] The pterygomandibular raphe (pterygomandibular fold[1] or pterygomandibular lig...

 

Israeli author Ram Oren Ram Oren (born 8 March 1936) is a popular Israeli author who has sold an unprecedented 1 million books in Hebrew.[1][2] Oren was born in Tel Aviv during the Mandate era. At age 15, he began his journalistic career as a messenger boy for Yediot Aharonot, and was a correspondent for that newspaper from 1952 to 1955. From 1955 to 1958, he served in the Israel Defense Forces as a reporter for the IDF's weekly magazine Bamahane. From 1958 to 1963, he studied...

The Indiana Code in book form The Indiana Code is the code of laws for the U.S. state of Indiana. The contents are the codification of all the laws currently in effect within Indiana. With roots going back to the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the laws of Indiana have been revised many times. The current approach to updating Indiana Code began in 1971 when the Indiana Statute Revision Commission began a complete rearrangement. The first official edition of the Indiana Code was published in 1976...

 

File format that stores chemical formulae and structures This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (August 2022) A chemical file format is a type of data file which is used specifically for depicting molecular data. One of the most widely used is the chemical table file format, which is similar to Structure Data Format (SDF) files. They are t...

 

1970 song by Bob Dylan For other uses, see If Not for You (disambiguation). If Not for YouSolid centre variant of the UK singleSingle by Bob Dylanfrom the album New Morning B-sideNew MorningReleasedEarly 1971RecordedAugust 12, 1970GenreCountry rockLength2:39LabelColumbiaSongwriter(s)Bob DylanProducer(s)Bob JohnstonBob Dylan singles chronology Wigwam (1970) If Not for You (1971) Watching the River Flow (1971) Official audioIf Not for You (alternative take) by Bob Dylan on YouTubeIf Not for You...

For the fictional character, see Hajime no Ippo § Characters. Masaru AokiBorn(1887-02-14)February 14, 1887Shimonoseki,Yamaguchi, Empire of JapanDiedDecember 2, 1964(1964-12-02) (aged 77)Kyoto, JapanResting placeKyotoOther names青木 正児OccupationSinologistSpouseTuyako AokiChildrenTakashi Nakamura(Sinologist) Masaru Aoki (青木 正児, Aoki Masaru, or Seiji,[1] 1887–1964) was a Japanese Sinologist. Biography from birth to university's student Masaru Aoki was born...

 

Dirk Adomat, 2018 Dirk Adomat (* 26. Oktober 1960 in Hameln)[1] ist ein deutscher Politiker der SPD und Landrat des Landkreises Hameln-Pyrmont. Er war von 2017 bis 2020 Abgeordneter im 18. Niedersächsischen Landtag. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Politik 3 Sonstiges 4 Weblinks 5 Einzelnachweise Leben Dirk Adomat absolvierte eine Ausbildung zum Steuerfachgehilfen und erlangte im Jahr 1982 die Fachhochschulreife an der Fachoberschule in Hameln. Anschließend verpflichtete er sich einige ...