사발통문

사발통문(沙鉢通文)은 어떤 일을 함께 하고자 하는 사람 이름을 사발 모양으로 둥글게 삥 돌려 적어, 같은 뜻을 가진 다른 사람을 모으기 위해 널리 알리는 문서를 말한다.

한국

동학 농민 운동 때의 사발통문.

조선 후기에 주로 쓰였으며 마을 사람이 모여 유교적인 규범과 윤리 확인을 위하여 만든 문서에도 많이 쓰였다. 그러나 그것이 정치적 행동을 조직하는 데 자주 활용되자, 조선 정부는 임오군란이 일어난 뒤부터는 사발통문을 돌리기만 해도 역모로 보아 처벌했다.

특히 동학 농민 운동 때 동학군들이 사용하였던 통문이 유명하다. 1893년 11월 고부군 서부면 죽산리(현재 정읍군 고부면 신중리 주산마을) 송두호의 집에서 전봉준 등 20명이 모여 고부 농민 항쟁을 계획하고 그 결의를 서명하여 각 리의 집강에게 돌렸는데, 1968년 12월 세상에 공개되면서 고부농민항쟁이 혁명적 거사 계획에서 치밀하게 진행되었음을 알려주게 되었다.

#고부성을 격파하고 군수 조병갑을 효수하라.

  1. 군기창과 화약고를 점령하라.
  2. 군수에게 아첨하여 백성을 침학한 관리를 격징하라.
  3. 전주감영을 함락하고 서울로 직접 향하라.[1][2]

일본

일본 센고쿠 시대에는 농민들이 지배 무사 권력에 항거해 잇키(폭동)를 일으키는 일이 잦았다. 권력자들은 농민들의 요구가 설령 합당해 받아들일지라도, 주모자만은 반드시 처형했다. 그러자 농민들은 종이 우산을 뜻하는 ‘가라카사 연판장(일본어: 傘連判状 가라카사렌판조[*])’을 써서 참여자 이름을 방사상으로 적었다.[3]

서양

라운드 로빈(영어: Round robin)은 서명자의 순서를 알 수 없게 둥글게 적은 문서를 뜻하는 말로, 성탄절에 가족 소식을 전하는 등으로 다양하게 쓰였으며 '서쿨라'라고도 불리었다. 17세기 프랑스에서 왕에게 청원을 할 때 주도자를 알 수 없게 서명자 이름을 앞 뒤 순서가 없이 둥글게 리본 모양으로 적은 것에서 유래되었다.

각주

  1. 이철영 (2005년 10월 12일). “녹두장군과 말목장터 감나무”. 오마이뉴스. 2011년 8월 5일에 확인함. 
  2. 동학혁명계승사업회. “사발통문”. 동학혁명계승사업회. 2011년 9월 8일에 확인함. [깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
  3. 정남구 (2008년 9월 2일). “유레카 사발통문”. 한겨레. 2010년 8월 5일에 확인함. [깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]

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