후커우 제도

후커우 제도(중국어: 户口, 호구)는 중국 대륙에서 사용되는 호구 등록 시스템이다. 이 시스템은 고대 중국에서 유래되었다. 후커우는 시스템에 개인을 등록하는 것이다. 가구 등록 기록은 개인을 해당 지역의 영주권자로 공식적으로 식별하며 이름, 부모, 배우자 및 생년월일과 같은 식별 정보를 포함한다. 호구(중국어 간체: 户口簿, 정체 중국어: 戶口簿, 병음: hùkuhu bù)는 가족별로 발행되며 일반적으로 출생, 사망, 결혼, 이혼, 이사, 가족의 모든 구성원을 포함하므로 호구는 다양한 상황에서 호적을 참조할 수도 있다.

이 시스템은 부분적으로 고대 중국의 호적 등록 시스템에서 유래되었다. 후커우 제도는 일본(고세키), 한국(호주), 동남아시아 국가인 베트남 등 이웃 동아시아 국가의 공공 행정 구조 내에서도 유사한 시스템에 영향을 미쳤다. 한국에서는 2008년 1월 호주제도가 폐지됐다. 유래는 다르지만 소련의 프로피스카와 러시아의 주민등록제도는 비슷한 목적을 갖고 있어 현대 중국 호구제도의 모델이 됐다.

농업 및 비농업 거주 상태(농촌, 도시)에 따라 혜택을 부여하는 정부가 제공하는 사회 프로그램과의 연결로 인해 후커우 제도는 때때로 카스트 제도의 한 형태로 비유된다. 1949년 중화인민공화국이 건국된 이후 수십 년 동안 도시 주민들은 퇴직 연금, 교육, 의료에 이르기까지 다양한 혜택을 받았지만 농촌 주민들은 스스로 부양해야 하는 경우가 많았기 때문에 이는 불평등의 근원이었다. 최근 몇 년 동안 중앙 정부는 시위와 변화하는 경제 시스템에 대응하여 시스템 개혁을 시작했지만 일부 서구 전문가들은 이러한 변화가 실질적인 것인지 의문을 제기했다.

같이 보기

출처

  • Wang, Fei-Ling (2014). "The Hukou (Household Registration) System". in Oxford Bibliography in Chinese Studies. Ed. Tim Wright. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Wang, Fei-Ling (2010). "Renovating the Great Floodgate: The Reform of China's Hukou System", in Martin King Whyte ed., One Country, Two Societies: Rural-Urban Inequality in Contemporary China, Harvard University Press, pp. 335–364.
  • Wang, Fei-Ling (2005), Organization through Division and Exclusion: China's Hukou System, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Wong DF, Chang, YL, He XS (2007). “Rural migrant workers in urban China: living a marginalised life”. 《International Journal of Social Welfare》 16: 32–40. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2397.2007.00475.x. 

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