전위 (재료과학)

전위(轉位, Dislocation)는 일정한 결정 구조를 갖는 물질내에서 전단응력에 의해 원자의 배열이 어긋난 선형의 결함으로 그 선을 전위선이라고 하며, 주변 원자에 격자 뒤틀림을 유발한다. 하나의 전위에 의해 발생하는 변형량을 버거스 벡터(Burgers vector, b)라고 하며 그 크기는 보통 원자 하나 정도이다.[1]

종류

칼날전위 (edge dislocation)
버거스 벡터의 방향과 전위선의 방향이 수직인 전위로 인상전위, 쐐기전위라고도 한다.
나선전위 (screw dislocation)
버거스 벡터의 방향과 전위선의 방향이 수평인 전위이다.
혼합전위 (mixed dislocation)
칼날전위와 나선전위가 혼합된 형태이다.

관찰

전위를 관찰하는 데에는 크게 4가지 방법이 있는데

표면처리법
전위는 높은 에너지를 갖기 때문에 표면을 부식시키면 주변보다 더 쉽게 부식되어 현미경으로 관찰할 수 있다.
장식법
전위선을 따라서 석출물을 생기게하여 현미경으로 관찰할 수 있다.
TEM(투과전자현미경)
높은 전압으로 가속시킨 전자를 재료에 쏴서 투과된 전자선을 전자렌즈로 확대하여 관찰한다.
X-ray 회절
재료에 X선을 쏘면 전위 주변의 격자 뒤틀림에 의해 회절이 일어나게 되고 그로 인해 전위가 관찰된다.
  1. ↑ Hull, Bacon, Derek, Bacon (2011년 2월 18일). 《Introduction to Dislocations》. 1쪽. 

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