영양 단계

영양 단계(營養段階)는 한 유기체가 먹이사슬에서 차지하는 위치를 나타내는 말이다.

개요

생태학에서는 각각의 유기체가 그것이 생산자인지 소비자인지, 그리고 그것이 무엇을 소비하거나 분해하는지에 따라 영양 단계를 분류한다. 물론, 실제 생태계는 더욱 복잡하여 대부분의 소비자는 한가지 이상의 유기체를 소비하고 대부분의 유기체는 한 가지 이상의 소비자에 의해 소비된다. 때문에 실제 생태계는 먹이사슬이 복잡하게 얽힌 상태, 즉 먹이그물을 형성하게 된다.[1]

단계

영양 단계는 생태계 내에서 에너지원이 태양 에너지로부터 멀어져가며 소비되는 단계와 같은 숫자의 생명체들로 구성되어 있다.[2]

  • 1단계 : 생산자 (식물)
  • 2단계 : 1차 소비자 (초식 동물)
  • 3단계 : 2차 소비자 (육식 동물)
  • 4단계 : 3차 소비자 (최상위 육식 동물)
  • 전사식생물: 모든 단계의 생물 사체로부터 영양을 얻는 분해자 (균류 등)

생태계 안의 에너지 흐름

 먹이그물 문서를 참고하십시오.

태양 에너지를 근원으로 하는 생물의 에너지는 각 영양 단계를 거치면서 상위 단계의 생물에게 전달된다. 그러나, 각 단계의 생물은 생명 활동을 통해 상당수의 에너지를 열로 방출한다. 이러한 형태의 에너지는 다음 단계의 생물에게 전달되지 않기 때문에, 생물들이 생장하여 축적한 에너지만이 다음 단계의 생물에게 전달된다. 이러한 이유로 한 영양 단계에 있는 약간의 에너지만 다음의 높은 단계의 유기체에게 전달된다.[3]

아래의 그림은 영양 단계의 에너지 흐름을 간략히 나타낸 것이다. 주황색 화살표는 에너지의 전달을, 노란색 화살표는 열을 의미한다.

영양 단계

각주

  1. ↑ G. Tyler Miller, 한국환경과학회 역, 환경과학, 시그마프레스, 2008, 49쪽, ISBN 10-89-58324-333
  2. ↑ George B. Johnson, 전병학 역, 생명과학, 동화기술, 2007, 358쪽, ISBN 10-89-42511-864
  3. ↑ PURVES 외, 이광웅 외 역, 생명 생물의 과학, 교보문고, 2006, 1003쪽, ISBN 10-89-70855-165

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