아래운동신경세포

아래운동신경세포
정보
식별자
영어lower motor neuron
FMA84632

아래운동신경세포(lower motor neuron, LMN), 또는 아래운동뉴런 또는 하위운동신경원은 앞회색질기둥, 척수신경 앞뿌리(척수의 아래운동신경세포), 뇌줄기의 뇌신경핵 및 운동 기능을 갖는 뇌신경(뇌신경 아래운동신경세포)에 위치한 운동 신경 세포이다.[1] 모든 수의적 운동은 골격근 섬유에 신경 섬유를 내고 위운동신경세포와 근육 사이의 연결 고리 역할을 하는 척수의 아래운동신경세포에 의존한다.[2][3] 뇌신경 아래운동신경세포는 눈, 얼굴 및 혀의 움직임을 제어하고 씹기, 삼키기, 발성에 기여한다.[4] 아래운동신경세포의 손상은 이완성 마비, 깊은힘줄반사 부재, 근위축증 등을 유발할 수 있다.

분류

아래운동신경세포는 지배하는 근섬유의 유형에 따라 다음과 같이 분류된다.[5]

생리학

위운동신경세포에서 방출된 글루탐산은 앞회색질기둥의 아래운동신경세포에서 탈분극을 유발한다. 탈분극이 일어나면 차례로 축삭을 통해 신호가 신경근 접합부로 전파되어 아세틸콜린이 방출된다. 아세틸콜린은 시냅스 틈을 가로질러, 근세포 세포막의 시냅스 후 수용체에 전달되어 근육이 수축하도록 신호를 보내도록 한다.

임상적 중요성

아래운동신경세포가 손상되면, 즉 아래운동신경세포 병터(LMNL, 하위운동신경원 병변)이 발생하면 근위축증을 유발하고, 영향을 받는 부위의 근력 및 반사 감소를 유발한다. 이러한 소견은 위운동신경세포 병터(상위운동신경원 병변)의 소견과 대조적이다. LMNL은 비정상적인 근전도 검사상의 전위, 근섬유다발수축, 마비, 근육 약화, 골격근의 신경성 위축으로 나타난다. 벨 마비, 숨뇌마비, 소아마비, 근위축성 측삭경화증(ALS)은 모두 아래운동신경세포 기능 장애와 관련된 질병이다.[6][7]

같이 보기

각주

  1. ↑ Fletcher, T.F. “Clinical Neuroanatomy Guide”. 2013년 11월 8일에 확인함. 
  2. ↑ Burke, Robert (2007). “Sir Charles Sherrington's The integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation”. 《Brain》 130 (4): 887–894. doi:10.1093/brain/awm022. PMID 17438014. 
  3. ↑ Bear, Connors, Paradiso (2007). 《Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain》. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 426–432쪽. ISBN 978-0-7817-6003-4. 
  4. ↑ Saim, Muhammad. “Upper and Lower Motor Neurons”. 2013년 11월 8일에 확인함. 
  5. ↑ Floeter, Mary Kay (2010). Karpati; Hilton-Jones; Bushby; Griggs, 편집. 《Structure and function of muscle fibers and motor units》 (PDF) 8판. Cambridge University Press. Chapter 1, Motor Neurons, pp. 1-2. ISBN 978-0-521-87629-2. 
  6. ↑ Sanders, RD (Jan 2010). “The Trigeminal (V) and Facial (VII) Cranial Nerves: Head and Face Sensation and Movement.”. 《Psychiatry (Edgmont)》 7 (1): 13–6. PMC 2848459. PMID 20386632. 
  7. ↑ Van den Berg; 외. (November 2003). “The spectrum of lower motor neuron syndromes”. 《J. Neurol.》 250 (11): 1279–92. doi:10.1007/s00415-003-0235-9. PMID 14648143. 
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