ძველი რეჟიმი

ლუდოვიკო XIV როგორც მეფე-მზე

ძველი რეჟიმი (ფრანგ. Ancien Régime [ɑ̃sjɛ̃ ʁeʒim]) — მიუთითებს მეტწილად არისტოკრატიულ, სოციალურ და პოლიტიკურ წყობაზე, რომელიც საფრანგეთში ვალუასა და ბურბონების დინასტიების მმართველობის პერიოდში დამყარდა (XIV-XVIII საუკუნეები).

ამ ტერმინის შემქმნელთა განსაზღვრებით ძველი რეჟიმი ჩამოყალიბდა შუა საუკუნეების ფრანგული მონარქიისგან და რამდენიმე საუკუნის შემდეგ 1789 წლის ფრანგულმა რევოლუციამ მოუღო ბოლო. ევროპის სხვა ძველ რეჟიმებსაც მსგავსი წინაპირობები ჰქონდა, თუმცა განსხვავებული დასასრული: ზოგიერთი შემდეგ კონსტიტუციურ მონარქიაში გადაიზარდა, ზოგიერთი კი ომებმა და რევოლუციებმა გაანადგურა.

ძალაუფლება ძველ რეჟიმში ემყარებოდა სამ პილასტრს: მონარქიას, სამღვდელოებასა და არისტოკრატიას. საზოგადოება დაყოფილი იყო სამ ფენად: პირველი ფენა, კათოლუკური სამღვდელოება; მეორე ფენა, არისტოკრატია; და მესამე ფენა, დანარჩენი მოსახლეობა. ძველმა რეჟიმმა შეინარჩუნა მანამდე არსებული ფეოდალური სისტემის მრავალი ასპექტი, მათ შორის წარჩინებულთა და არისტოკრატიის პრივილეგიები, რასაც მხარს უჭერდა მეფეთა ღვთაებრივი უფლებების დოქტრინაც. წინა ფეოდალური წყობისგან ის განსხვადებოდა იმით, რომ ძალაუფლება სულ უფრო კონცენტრირებული ხდებოდა აბსოლუტურ მონარქიაში.

ლიტერატურა

  • Baker, Keith, ed. The Political Culture of the Old Regime (1987), articles by leading scholars
  • Behrens, C.B.A. Ancien Regime (1989)
  • Black, Jeremy. From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power (1999)
  • Doyle, William, ed. Old Regime France: 1648-1788 (2001) excerpt and text search
  • Goubert, Pierre. Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen (1972), social history from Annales School
  • Goubert, Pierre. The French Peasantry in the Seventeenth Century (1986) excerpt and text search
  • Holt, Mack P. Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500-1648 (2002) excerpt and text search
  • Jones, Colin. The Great Nation: France from Louis XV to Napoleon, 1715-99 (2002). excerpt and text search

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