Copper,  ₂₉Cu

Native copper (~4 cm in size)
General properties
Wujud	metallic bronze
Bobot atom standar (Ar, standard)	7001635460000000000♠63.546(3)[1]
Copper in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson - ↑ Cu ↓ Ag nickel ← copper → zinc
Atomic number (Z)	29
Group	group 11
Period	period 4
Blok	d-block
Konfigurasi èlèktron	[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 1
Sipat angga
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1357.77 K ​(1084.62 °C, ​1984.32 °F)
Boiling point	2835 K ​(2562 °C, ​4643 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	8.96 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	8.02 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.26 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	300.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.440 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2836
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	+1, +2, +3, +4 ​mildly basic oxide
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionization energies	(more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 128 pm calculated: 145 pm
Covalent radius	138 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
Spectral lines
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	​face centered cubic 0.3610 nm [[File:face centered cubic 0.3610 nm|frameless|alt=Face centered cubic 0.3610 nm crystal structure for copper|upright=0.23]]
Speed of sound thin rod	(annealed) 3810 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	16.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	401 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	16.78 n Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	110 - 128 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	369 MPa
Brinell hardness	874 MPa
CAS Number	7440-50-8
Main isotopes of copper
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 63Cu 69.15% Cu stabil kanthi 34 neutron 65Cu 30.85% Cu stabil kanthi 36 neutron
deleng rembug besut | references | in Wikidata

Tembaga minangka unsur kimia; gadhah simbol Cu (saking Latin: cuprum) lan nomer atom 29. Menika alus, lentur, lan kemrèk logam kanthi konduktivitas termal lan konduktivitas listrik ingkang dhuwur. Permukaan resik tembaga ingkang nembe kabuka gadhah warni jingga-kemerahan. Tembaga dipun-ginakaken minangka konduktor panas lan listrik, minangka bahan bangunan, lan minangka bagean saking macem-macem campuran paduan logam, kados ta sterling silver ingkang dipun-ginakaken ing perhiasan, cupronickel kangge damel piranti laut lan uang, lan constantan kangge dipun-ginakaken ing strain gauge lan termokopel kangge ukuran suhu.

Tembaga, perak, lan emas wonten ing golongan 11 ing tabel periodik; tigang logam menika gadhah siji elektron s-orbital ing ndhuwur lapisan d-kulit elektron ingkang sampun kebak lan dipunkarakteristikaken kanthi keluwesan keuletan ingkang dhuwur, konduktivitas listrik lan panas. Lapisan d-kulit ingkang sampun kebak wonten ing elemen-elemen menika sethithik maringi kontribusi dhateng interaksi antaratomi, ingkang dominan dipunpengaruhi déning elektron-elektron s liwat ikatan logam. Beda kaliyan logam ingkang gadhah lapisan d ingkang boten sampurna, ikatan logam ing tembaga kurang karakter kovalen lan lumrahé ringkih. Panyinaon menika nerangaken kenapa kekerasan tembaga kirang lan keuletanipun dhuwur ing kristal tunggal.^[2] Ing skala makroskopis, pengenalan cacat sing suwe ing kristal kisi, kados ta watesan biji-biji, nyegah aliran bahan ingkang dipunbebani stres, saéngga ningkataken kekerasanipun. Amargi saking punika, tembaga umume dipunsayogakaken wonten ing wangun polikristalin ingkang gadhah kekuatan langkung dhuwur tinimbang wangun monokristalin.^[3]

Kalembutan tembaga nderekaken konduktivitas listrikipun ingkang dhuwur (7007596000000000000♠59.6×10⁶ S/m) lan konduktivitas panas ingkang ugi dhuwur, nomer kalih (mung kalah karo perak) ing antawisipun logam murni ing suhu kamar.^[4] Amargi resistivitas dhateng transpor elektron ing logam ing suhu kamar utamanipun asal saking paburenan elektron dhateng vibrasi termal ing kisi, ingkang relatif alit ing logam alus.^[2] Densitas arus maksimal ingkang kenging dipunijini kanggé tembaga ing udhara mbukak kirang langkung 7006310000000000000♠3.1×10⁶ A/m², ing ndhuwuripun wiwit panas kanthi kalebu.^[5]

1. ↑ Meija, J.; et al. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Trigg, George L.; Immergut, Edmund H. (1992). Encyclopedia of Applied Physics. Vol. 4: Combustion to Diamagnetism. VCH. kc. 267–272. ISBN 978-3-527-28126-8. Dibukak ing 2 May 2011.
3. ↑ Smith, William F. & Hashemi, Javad (2003). Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering. McGraw-Hill Professional. kc. 223. ISBN 978-0-07-292194-6.
4. ↑ Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (édhisi ka-81st). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
5. ↑ Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance (2003). Resistance Welding Manual (édhisi ka-4th). Resistance Welding Manufacturing Alliance. kc. 18–12. ISBN 978-0-9624382-0-2.