Psikologi

Huruf Ψ (psi) ing basa Yunani, minangka simbul saking psikologi.

Psikologi punika panaliten babagan pikiran lan tingkah laku.[1] Wewengkonipun kalebet tingkah laku manungsa lan sanès-manungsa, kalebet sadhar lan alit ingkang boten kasadhar, sarta prosès mental kados ta pikiranipun, rasan, lan kamotivasian. Psikologi punika disiplin akademik ingkang gadhah jembaran ageng, nyabrang watesan antawisipun ilmu alam lan ilmu sosial. Ahli psikologi biologi ngupados pangerten babagan sipat-sipat ngkang medal saking otak, nyambungaken disiplin menyang neuroscience. Minangka ahli ilmu sosial, para psikolog ngupados pangerten babagan tingkah laku individu lan kelompok.[2][3]

Para psikolog melibataken panaliten babagan persepsi, kognisi, perhatian, emosi, intelegensi, pengalaman subjektif, motivasi, fungsi otak, lan kepribadian. Keprihatinan para psikolog ugi nyabrang menyang hubungan interpersonal, ketahanan psikologis, ketahanan kulawarga, lan wilayah sanès ing jero psikologi sosial, kalêbêt prosès méntal ingkang tanpa kasadaran.[4] Para psikolog riset ngangge metode empiris kanggé mbedakaken hubungan kausal lan korèlasi antarane variabel-variabel psikososial. Sawetawis, nanging boten sadaya, psikolog klinis lan konseling ngandelaken interpretasi simbolik.

Psikoterapi

Psikoterapi punika panggunaan metode psikologis, utamané nalika adhedhasar interaksi pribadi kanthi rutin, kanggé nulung tiyang ngowahi prilaku, nambah kabagéyan, lan ngatasi masalah. Psikoterapi gadhah tujuan kanggé ningkataken kasejahteraan pribadi lan kasehatan mental, kanggé ngatasi utawi ngirangi prilaku, kapercayan, kekarepan, pamikiran, utawi émosi ingkang ngrisak, lan kanggé ningkataken hubungan lan ketrampilan sosial.[5] Ana akèh jinis psikoterapi ingkang dipunrancang kanggé tiyang déwasa ingkang nedahaken, kulawarga, utawi anak lan remaja. Sawetawis jinis psikoterapi dianggep berbasis bukti kanggé nambani sawetawis gangguan kesehatan mental ingkang sampun didiagnosa; jinis sanèsipun wonten ingkang dipunkritik minangka pseudosains.[6]

Pranala njaba

Sitiran

  1. ↑ Pitakenan ingkang kathah taksih kagungan babagan APA Kaunduh wonten ing tanggal 28 November 2023.
  2. ↑ Fernald LD (2008). Psychology: Six perspectives Archived 8 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine. (pp.12–15). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  3. ↑ Hockenbury & Hockenbury. Psychology. Worth Publishers, 2010.
  4. ↑ Psikoanalisis lan wujud-wujud sanès saking psikologi jero kathah ingkang gegayutan kaliyan teori babagan pikiran alit. Miturut bedanipun, behaviorists nganggep fenomena kados kondisioning klasik lan kondisioning operan. Kognitivisme ngupados ingatan implisit, otomatisitas, lan pesan subliminal, ingkang sadaya wau dipunmangertosi dipunlakokaken tanpa utawi ing njawi usaha utawi perhatian sadhar. Saestu, terapis perilaku-kognitif ngajak kliènipun dados sadhar dhateng pola pikiran ingkang boten mangfaat, ingkang sadèrèngipun klièn boten sadhar.
  5. ↑ "What is Psychotherapy?". www.psychiatry.org. Dibukak ing 12 March 2022.
  6. ↑ Hupp, Stephen; Santa Maria, Cara L., èd. (2023). Pseudoscience in Therapy: A Skeptical Field Guide. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009000611. ISBN 9781009005104. OCLC 1346351849. For example, Thought Field Therapy has been called a pseudoscience: Lilienfeld, Scott O. (December 2015). "Introduction to special section on pseudoscience in psychiatry". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 60 (12): 531–533. doi:10.1177/070674371506001202. PMC 4679160. PMID 26720820. Although the boundaries separating pseudoscience from science are fuzzy, pseudosciences are characterized by several warning signs—fallible but useful indicators that distinguish them from most scientific disciplines. ... In contrast to most accepted medical interventions, which are prescribed for a circumscribed number of conditions, many pseudoscientific techniques lack boundary conditions of application. For example, some proponents of Thought Field Therapy, an intervention that purports to correct imbalances in unobservable energy fields, using specified bodily tapping algorithms, maintain that it can be used to treat virtually any psychological condition, and that it is helpful not only for adults but also for children, dogs, and horses. See also: Lee, Catherine M.; Hunsley, John (December 2015). "Evidence-based practice: separating science from pseudoscience". The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 60 (12): 534–540. doi:10.1177/070674371506001203. PMC 4679161. PMID 26720821. TFT, a treatment applied to mood, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders, is a prime example of practice founded on pseudoscience.