多胚形成が人間で発生する頻度は低く、多胚形成した胚が出生に至る頻度は0.4%程度とされている(出生に至らない割合も一定数あるため、多胚形成する胚自体は0.4%より多い)。この頻度は人種等による統計的に有意な差異は存在しないが、ごく限られた一部の地域においては多胚形成による一卵性双生児が集中的に生まれる地域もある。ブラジルのリーニャ・サン・ペドロ( Linha São Pedro)地区では一卵性双生児の出生率が約5%、インドのモハンマド・プル・ウムリ (Mohammad Pur Umri) 村では約10%に達する[3]。多胚形成が生じる原因は現在のところ不確定ではあるが、受精胚において特定箇所のメチル化が生じた場合に多胎化する可能性が2021年に指摘された[4]。
^Hakon Jonsson, Erna Magnusdottir, Hannes P Eggertsson, Olafur A Stefansson, Gudny A Arnadottir, Ogmundur Eiriksson, Florian Zink, Einar A Helgason, Ingileif Jonsdottir, Arnaldur Gylfason, Adalbjorg Jonasdottir, Aslaug Jonasdottir, Doruk Beyter, Thora Steingrimsdottir, Gudmundur L Norddahl, Olafur Th Magnusson, Gisli Masson, Bjarni V Halldorsson, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Agnar Helgason, Patrick Sulem, Daniel F Gudbjartsson, Kari Stefansson (2021 January). “Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins.”. Nature Genetics53 (1): 27-34. PMID33414551.
^Freund J, Brandmaier AM, Lewejohann L, Kirste I, Kritzler M, Krüger A, Sachser N, Lindenberger U, Kempermann G. (2013). “Emergence of individuality in genetically identical mice.”. Science340 (6133): 756-9. PMID23661762.
^Jenny van Dongen, Scott D Gordon, Allan F McRae wt al., (2021). “polyembryonIdentical twins carry a persistent epigenetic signature of early genome programming.”. Nature communications.12 (1): online. PMID34584077.
^Ellen Casser, Steffen Israel, Michele Boiani (2019). “Multiplying embryos: experimental monozygotic polyembryony in mammals and its uses.”. The International journal of developmental biology.63: 143-155. PMID31058293.
^Gary Steinman (2018). “Monozygotic twinning.”. Clinical Case Reports and Reviews4 (2): 1. doi:10.15761/CCRR.1000387.
^A M Carter (2018). “Classics revisited: Miguel Fernández on germ layer inversion and specific polyembryony in armadillos.”. Placenta61: 55-60. PMID29277272.
^Malenfant RM, Coltman DW, Richardson ES, Lunn NJ, Stirling I, et al. (2016). “Evidence of adoption, monozygotic twinning, and low inbreeding rates in a large genetic pedigree of polar bears.”. Polar Biology39: 1455-1465.
^Maiju Qiao , Yingmin Zhou , Thomas Connor , Rengui Li , Dan Tang , Hemin Zhang and Jianghong Ran (2018 Oct). “Diagnosing Zygosity in Giant Panda Twins Using Short Tandem Repeats”. Twin Research and Human Genetics21 (6): 527–532.
^C J Joonè, Kgm De Cramer, J O Nöthling (2016). “The first case of genetically confirmed monozygotic twinning in the dog.”. Reproduction in domestic animals = Zuchthygiene51 (5): 835-839. PMID27545903.