ボルンの規則

量子力学においてボルンの規則(ボルンのきそく)とは、量子系について物理量オブザーバブル)の測定をしたとき、ある値が得られる確率を与える法則のこと。発見者である物理学者マックス・ボルンにちなんで命名された。

ボルンの規則は、量子力学における物理量の測定値についての最も基本的な原理である。現在までに量子力学の他の基本原理からボルンの規則を導出しようとする試みが多く行われているが、成功には至っていない[1]

離散固有値の場合

縮退が無い場合

規格化された状態ベクトル(または波動関数)で表される系において、エルミート演算子で表される物理量(オブザーバブル)を測定した場合を考える。ただしの固有値は離散的である、つまりは離散スペクトル を持つとする。また規格化された固有ベクトルをとする。

このときボルンの規則は以下のように書ける。

  • 測定値は固有値のいずれかに限られる。
  • とすると、測定値が得られる確率はである。

ここでは「の固有値に属する固有空間への射影演算子」と呼ばれる。 複素数は「測定値が得られる確率振幅」または「物理量表示の波動関数」と呼ばれる。

縮退がある場合

固有値個の固有ベクトルが対応しているとき「固有値重の縮退がある」という。このとき固有値の射影演算子を

とすると、縮退がない場合と同じボルンの規則を使って、測定値が得られる確率を計算することができる。縮退が無い場合はある固有値に属する固有空間は1次元となるが、縮退がある場合は多次元となる。

連続固有値の場合

の固有値の全体が連続ならば、スペクトル定理よりある射影値測度、スペクトル測度が存在する。この場合、

  • 可測集合での測定値の確率はで与えられる。

もし位置空間の構造を持たない1粒子波動関数が与えられた場合、時刻で位置を測定したときの確率密度関数で与えられる。

歴史

ボルンの規則は1926年のボルンの論文で示された[2]。この論文で、ボルンは散乱問題についてのシュレーディンガー方程式を解き、光電効果についてのアインシュタインの業績からヒントを得て[3]、ボルンの規則が解の解釈として唯一の可能性のあるものであると脚注で結論している。この業績により、ボルンは1954年にヴァルター・ボーテと共にノーベル物理学賞を受賞した[4]ジョン・フォン・ノイマンは1932年に著書の中でスペクトル理論を応用してボルンの規則を議論した[5]。2011年にArmando V.D.B. Assisは論文で、ボルンの規則はゲーム理論的枠組みの中で導出できることを主張した[6]

脚注

  1. ^ N.P. Landsman, "The conclusion seems to be that no generally accepted derivation of the Born rule has been given to date, but this does not imply that such a derivation is impossible in principle.", in Compendium of Quantum Physics (eds.) F.Weinert, K. Hentschel, D.Greenberger and B. Falkenburg (Springer, 2008), ISBN 3540706224
  2. ^ Zur Quantenmechanik der Stoßvorgänge, Max Born, Zeitschrift für Physik, 37, #12 (Dec. 1926), pp. 863–867 (German); English translation, On the quantum mechanics of collisions, in Quantum theory and measurement, section I.2, J. A. Wheeler and W. H. Zurek, eds., Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983, ISBN 0691083169.
  3. ^ "Again an idea of Einstein’s gave me the lead. He had tried to make the duality of particles - light quanta or photons - and waves comprehensible by interpreting the square of the optical wave amplitudes as probability density for the occurrence of photons. This concept could at once be carried over to the psi-function: |psi|2 ought to represent the probability density for electrons (or other particles)." from Born's Nobel Lecture on the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics
  4. ^ Born's Nobel Lecture on the statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics
  5. ^ Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik, John von Neumann, Berlin: Springer, 1932 (German); English translation Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, transl. Robert T. Beyer, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1955.
  6. ^ Armando V.D.B. Assis (2011). “Assis, Armando V.D.B. On the nature of and the emergence of the Born rule. Annalen der Physik, 2011.”. Annalen der Physik (Berlin). doi:10.1002/andp.201100062. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/andp.201100062/abstract. 

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