ヘゲモニー政党制

ヘゲモニー政党制(ヘゲモニーせいとうせい)とは、表面には複数政党制野党が存在しているが、実際には与党が全ての権力を握り、事実上の反対側政党は存在しない制度[1]。ヘゲモニー政党制下の野党は「衛星政党」、与党は「支配政党」と呼ぶ。

名称

ヘゲモニーHegemonie)とはドイツ語で「主導権・指導的な立場」を意味する語である。

和訳は衛星政党制(えいせいせいとうせい)、傀儡政党制(かいらいせいとうせい)、覇権政党制(はけんせいとうせい)などが存在している。野党は衛星や傀儡のように、覇道的な権力を持つ与党に操られる、との見解により命名された。

中国では「中国共産党一党領導、多党合作の政治的協商制度[2]」との正式名称があるが、「一党領導多党・多党合作制・多党協商制」などの略称も広く使われている。

概要

ジョヴァンニ・サルトーリは、従来は一党制や一党支配制と呼ばれていたものを、一党制・ヘゲモニー政党制・一党優位政党制の3つに分類した。ヘゲモニー政党制は、形式的特徴により一党制から区別され、競合の有無によって一党優位政党制と区別される。サルトーリは、野党が完全に禁止される時と、そうでない時には政治の様相が違ってくるだろうと考え、一党制からヘゲモニー政党制を区別する。また、与党が選挙で連勝したことを、競争が許されていない証拠とみなす考え方に反対し、一党優位政党制からヘゲモニー政党制を区別する。

またサルトーリはヘゲモニー政党制を、イデオロギー指向とプラグマティズム指向という2つの異なるタイプに分類した。

ヘゲモニー政党制は競合が存在しないため連立政権は起こりにくく、ナチス時代のドイツパキスタン等、大統領制であるが実際には首相が国家主権を握る国において、現職の大統領または首相が大統領選挙で敗退した野党候補者の権力を強く評価した時、大統領選挙で野党候補者が勝利した時などに限り連立政権が発生する。

定義

この制度はジョヴァンニ・サルトーリが提唱した政党制の分類の一つ[1]。彼は政党の競合の有無を判断基準にし、ヘゲモニー政党制は一党独裁のように競合が存在しない為、独裁制の範疇に分類されている[1]

一般的には、ヘゲモニー政党という言葉が使われる場合(とくに独裁の形態として批判的に用いられる場合)は、イデオロギー指向型のケースを指すことが多い。両者が異なることに異議を唱える者はいないが、プラグマティズム指向型の方は普及していない(こちらは包括政党と表現されることが多い)。

イデオロギー指向型

プラグマティズム指向型

脚注

注釈

  1. ^ 中国共産党賈慶林中央政治局常務委員中国人民政治協商会議議長が2009年に人民日報に寄せた『中国の特色ある社会主義路線の上で、中国共産党の指導する多党協力と政治協商制度を不断に整備し、発展させる』によれば、「中国共産党の指導する多党協力政治協商制度は、西側の二大政党制多党制のような、一方が政権に就けばもう一方が下野する権力争奪型の政党関係とは違い。も、一党制のような権力独占型の政党関係とも異なり、民主的に協議し、互いの心の底まで打ち明けて親しく交わる、斬新な協力型の政党関係なのである」とされており、一党制では無く「中国共産党の指導する多党協力」だと主張されており、サルトーリのヘゲモニー政党制に該当する。

出典

  1. ^ a b c ヘゲモニー政党制(読み)ヘゲモニーせいとうせい ブリタニカ国際大百科事典 小項目事典 ヘゲモニー政党制 (コトバンク)
  2. ^ 中国の政党制度と一党・多党制との4大相違点人民日報日本語版 2009年11月2日)
  3. ^ 仲井斌『もうひとつのドイツ』朝日新聞社、1983年 P167-168
  4. ^ 一党独裁制と議会(宮本悟)(公益財団法人 JIIA日本国際問題研究所)
  5. ^ AKELA, JAY CHANDRA. “The Party System In Post-Soviet Russia: A CASE STUDY OF THE PARTY UNITED RUSSIA”. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues 21, no. 2 (2017): 34-49.. doi:10.2307/48531461. 

参考文献

  • ジョヴァンニ・サルトーリ『現代政党学』(普及版)、岡沢憲芙川野秀之訳、早稲田大学出版部、2000年(原著:1976年)。

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