3(三、参、參、弎、さん、み、みっつ、みつ)は、自然数または整数において、2の次で4の前の数である。
英語では、基数詞でthree、序数詞では、3rd, third となる。ラテン語では tres(トレース)。
このように3つを組み合わせたり3/三が使われたりする表現・言葉や事物は多い。その理由を研究している国田圭作(嘉悦大学教授/博報堂行動デザイン研究所アドバイザー)は、3は、多い/長いと少ない/短いの両面性や曖昧さがあって扱いやすく、理由の説明や選択肢も3つ挙げると4~5以上に比べて人間の情報処理能力で受け止めやすいためと説明している[3]。日本人にとって3は好ましい数字の一つとされ、3で何かをくくることが多い理由としていい加減さの象徴で大小や白黒どちらかと割りきらずに3つめの候補を出すことで懐の深さや柔らかさを好む国民性に合っているとする説[4]、満ちてこれでいっぱいになるめでたい気持ちがある説、2つの候補では心の余裕がない傾向があるためでもある[5]。
和食の世界では切れたり割れたりすることに繋がらないように奇数が好まれ[5]、日本人の名字には三が一番多く使われるのは元々地名として「御」の字が使われていたのが神や天皇を意味する字だったことから憚って「三」に変化したとされる[6]。
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