文化伝播

エジプトからの文化伝播図(Grafton Elliot Smithによる)

文化人類学および文化地理学において、文化伝播(ぶんかでんぱ、英語:Cultural diffusion)とは、思想観念宗教技術言語などの文化的産物が単一文化内あるいは複数文化間で伝播することである。en:Leo Frobeniusの著書『Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis』(1897/98)で概念化された。文化伝播の例として、戦闘用馬車や古代の製錬術、そして20世紀における自動車や西洋のビジネススーツの普及が挙げられる。(→文化循環も参照)

タイプ

文化伝播には5タイプが存在するとみなされてきた。

  • 拡大的伝播(Expansion diffusion):発信地で強く存在し、他の地域まで拡散するもの。しばしば階層的普及、伝染的普及、刺激的普及を含む。
  • 移転的伝播(Relocation diffusion):発信地から消え、新たな地域に移転するもの。
  • 階層的伝播(Hierarchical diffusion): 広い場所から狭い場所へ、場所間の距離はほとんど関係なく、しばしば社会的上位階級の影響を受けて広がるもの。
  • 伝染的伝播(Contagious diffusion):ある集団内の、人と人との接触によって広がっていくもの。
  • 刺激的伝播(Stimulus diffusion):別の概念と結合することによって広がるもの。

メカニズム

文化間伝播は様々な方法で起こる。人口移動は文化を運ぶ。思想は文化間を移動する訪問者(商人、探検家、兵士、外交官、奴隷、雇われ職人など)によって運ばれる。技術の伝播は、報酬や他の誘因をもって熟練した科学者または労働者を惹きつけるある1つの社会によって、しばしば起こってきた。近隣あるいは点在する2つの文化の間の婚姻はしばしば文化伝播を促進させる。文化的に成熟した社会では、普及は手紙や本、そして現代では電子メディアを通じても起こる。 伝播のメカニズムは3つのカテゴリーが存在する。

  • 直接伝播(Direct diffusion)は2つの文化が互いに非常に近く、互いの婚姻、貿易、福祉などによって起こるものである。例としてアメリカ合衆国カナダの間であり、この2国の国境付近の人々はカナダ発祥のホッケーおよびアメリカで盛んな野球に勤しむことが挙げられる。
  • 強要伝播(Forced diffusion)は一方の文化がもう一方の文化を征服した際に、征服側が被征服側の人々に文化を強要するものである。例として、スペイン、フランス、イギリス、ポルトガルなどの支配によって、アメリカ先住民がキリスト教化したことが挙げられる。
  • 間接伝播(Indirect diffusion)はある特徴が媒介者を通じてある文化から別の文化(最初の文化と最後の文化は直接の接触はない)に渡ることである。例として、広大なアメリカ合衆国が間に存在するにもかかわらず、メキシコ料理がカナダに存在することがある。

直接伝播は、少人数の人々が隣接して定住する古代には普通のものであった。間接伝播はマスメディアやインターネットの普及によって、今日では普通のものである。アメリカの歴史家かつ評論家のen:Daniel J. Boorstinは著書The Discoverersの中で、文明間の発明の拡散における探検家の役割について、歴史的な見地を与えている。

モデル

文化間の伝播について提唱されてきたモデルは以下がある。

  • 移住 (Migration):漸進的または突発的な人々の移動による文化伝播。
  • 文化圏伝播モデル(Culture circle diffusionism (Kulturkreise)):世界の文化は、もとは少数の文化に由来するという仮説。
  • 過文化伝播モデル(Hyperdiffusionism):全ての文化は1つの文化に由来するという仮説。文化の平行進化(同じ文化が独立に複数源で誕生すること)を否定し、全ての文化は1回しか獲得されないとする考え[1]
  • "Kulturkugel" (ドイツ語で「文化弾丸」"culture bullet"という意(en:J. P. Malloryにより命名)):侵略、漸進的移住、伝播の程度をモデル化するためMalloryにより提唱された[2]。このモデルによると、物質文化と社会組織によって形成された地域的コミュニティーは、言語的コミュニティに比べ強い。よって、文化接触あるいは限定的な人の移動は恒常的に、物質文化や社会組織の変化を伴わずに、言語に変化をもたらす[3]

関連

脚注

  1. ^ Legend and lore of the Americas before 1492: an encyclopedia of visitors, explorers, and immigrants, Ronald H. Fritze, 1993, p. 70
  2. ^ In the context of Indo-Aryan migration; Mallory, "A European Perspective on Indo-Europeans in Asia". In The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia. Ed. Mair. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man (1998)
  3. ^ The term is a 'half-facetious' mechanical analogy, imagining a "bullet" of which the tip is material culture and the "charge" is language and social structure. Upon "intrusion" into a host culture, migrants will "shed" their material culture (the "tip") while possibly still maintaining their "charge" of language and, to a lesser extent, social customs (viz., the effect is a diaspora culture, which depending on the political situation may either form a substratum or a superstratum within the host culture).

参考

  • Frobenius, Leo. Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis. Petermanns Mitteilungen 43/44, 1897/98
  • Kroeber, Alfred L. (1940). "Stimulus diffusion." American Anthropologist 42(1), Jan.–Mar., pp. 1–20
  • Rogers, Everett (1962) Diffusion of innovations. New York: Free Press of Glencoe, Macmillan Company
  • Sorenson, John L. & Carl L. Johannessen (2006) "Biological Evidence for Pre-Columbian Transoceanic Voyages." In: Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Ed. Victor H. Mair. University of Hawaii Press, pp. 238–297. ISBN 978-0-8248-2884-4, 0-8248-2884-4

関連項目

外部リンク

  • "Diffusionism and Acculturation" by Gail King and Meghan Wright, Anthropological Theories, M.D. Murphy (ed.), Department of Anthropology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Alabama.

Read other articles:

PT Pelabuhan Indonesia I (Persero)JenisBUMN / Perseroan TerbatasIndustriJasa kepelabuhanNasibDigabung ke dalam Pelindo IIDidirikan1 Desember 1992Ditutup1 Oktober 2021KantorpusatMedan, Sumatera Utara, IndonesiaWilayah operasiTerminal Peti Kemas BelawanPelabuhan BelawanPelabuhan SibolgaPelabuhan GunungsitoliPelabuhan Kuala TanjungPelabuhan Tanjung Balai AsahanPelabuhan MalahayatiPelabuhan LhokseumawePelabuhan DumaiPelabuhan PerawangPelabuhan TembilahanPelabuhan Sei PakningPelabuhan Tanjung Bala...

 

 

Dispute between Mauritius and the United Kingdom Islands of the Republic of Mauritius labelled in black Sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago is disputed between Mauritius and the United Kingdom. Mauritius has repeatedly stated that the Chagos Archipelago is part of its territory and that the United Kingdom claim is a violation of United Nations resolutions banning the dismemberment of colonial territories before independence. On 22 May 2019, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a no...

 

 

BuzzFeed, Inc.URLwww.buzzfeed.comTipesitus web, perusahaan bisnis dan perusahaan media Registration (en)OpsionalIdeologifeminisme dan Anti-rasisme LangueInggrisPrancisSpanyolHindiArabJermanPortugisJepangPembuatJonah Peretti (en) dan John Seward Johnson III (en) Service entry (en)2006 Lokasi kantor pusatKota New York dan New York NegaraAmerika Serikat Total omset US$167 juta (2015)[1][2]Peringkat Alexa 369 (Januari 2020)[3]KeadaanAktif Logo lama, dipakai sampai 25 Septe...

2010 Mexican filmThis Is Not a MovieFilm posterDirected byOlallo RubioWritten byOlallo RubioProduced by Antonio Reyes Jose Nacif Jose Antonio O'Farrill Olallo Rubio StarringEdward FurlongCinematographyJuan Jose SaraviaEdited by Olallo Rubio Max Blasquez Abraham Neme Music bySlashProductioncompanyKung Fu FilmsRelease date October 21, 2010 (2010-10-21) (MIFF)[1] Running time99 minutesCountryMexicoLanguageEnglishBudget$3 million[2] This Is Not a Movie is a 2010...

 

 

War fought by some Greek city-states and Ptolemaic Egypt against Antigonid Macedonian This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Chremonidean War – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Chremonidean WarDate267–261 BCLocationGree...

 

 

Civilian who undertakes law enforcement without legal authority Vigilante redirects here. For other uses, see Vigilante (disambiguation). The Bald Knobbers, an 1880s vigilante group from Missouri – as portrayed in the 1919 film The Shepherd of the Hills Vigilantism (/vɪdʒɪˈlæntɪzəm/) is the act of preventing, investigating and punishing perceived offenses and crimes without legal authority.[1][2] A vigilante is a person who practices or partakes in vigilantism, or...

هذه المقالة بحاجة لصندوق معلومات. فضلًا ساعد في تحسين هذه المقالة بإضافة صندوق معلومات مخصص إليها. سلطنة الواحدي في عزان هي واحدة من أصل أربع سلطنات واحدية في المنطقة والتي أصبحت جزءاً من محمية عدن البريطانية.[1] تأسست في عام 1830 وظلت قائمة حتى 4 مايو 1881، عندما أصبحت جزءاً...

 

 

Hunnu-China war This article has an unclear citation style. The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of ZhizhiPart of the Han–Xiongnu WarDateOctober–December, 36 BCLocationTaraz, KazakhstanResult Han victoryBelligerents XiongnuKangju allies Han DynastyWusunTarim Basin city-statesCommanders and leaders Zhizhi Chanyu †[1] Chen Tang[2&#...

 

 

هذه المقالة عن المجموعة العرقية الأتراك وليس عن من يحملون جنسية الجمهورية التركية أتراكTürkler (بالتركية) التعداد الكليالتعداد 70~83 مليون نسمةمناطق الوجود المميزةالبلد  القائمة ... تركياألمانياسورياالعراقبلغارياالولايات المتحدةفرنساالمملكة المتحدةهولنداالنمساأسترالي�...

2018 compilation album by Chris CornellChris CornellCompilation album by Chris CornellReleasedNovember 16, 2018StudioVariousGenreRockLengthSingle - 76:46 Box - 299:14LabelUMEProducerVariousBrendan O'BrienChris Cornell chronology Higher Truth(2015) Chris Cornell(2018) No One Sings Like You Anymore, Vol. 1(2020) Singles from Chris Cornell When Bad Does GoodReleased: November 2018 Chris Cornell is a posthumous compilation album by American musician Chris Cornell, released on November 16...

 

 

Positive has multiple meanings in the world of photography. The two main definitions of positive photography include positive space and positive film. Positive space Positive space is the idea that any part of a photo that includes the subject, stands out from the rest of the photo. It is key component in most photographs that helps convey emotions towards an audience. The technique can illustrate emotions ranging from crowdedness, to power, to chaos, or even to movement in a photo. Positive ...

 

 

2018 Missouri State Auditor election ← 2014 November 6, 2018 2022 →   Nominee Nicole Galloway Saundra McDowell Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 1,209,881 1,070,701 Percentage 50.4% 44.6% County resultsCongressional district results Precinct resultsGalloway:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90% ...

Professional wrestling stable Professional wrestling stable Chase UniversityStableMembersAndre Chase (leader)Duke HudsonThea HailRiley OsborneName(s)Andre Chase UniversityChase UChase UniversityBilled heightsChase: 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Hudson: 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) Hail: 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)Osborne: 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)Combinedbilled weight582 lb (264 kg)Formermember(s)Bodhi HaywardJacy JayneDebutJanuary 4, 2022[citation needed&...

 

 

County in Texas, United States County in TexasKarnes CountyCountyThe Karnes County Courthouse in Karnes CityLocation within the U.S. state of TexasTexas's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 28°55′N 97°52′W / 28.91°N 97.86°W / 28.91; -97.86Country United StatesState TexasFoundedFebruary 4, 1854Named forHenry KarnesSeatKarnes CityLargest cityKenedyArea • Total754 sq mi (1,950 km2) • Land748 sq mi (1,940...

 

 

Prima Categoria 1959-1960 Competizione Prima Categoria Sport Calcio Edizione 1ª Organizzatore L.N.D.Comitati Regionali Luogo  Italia Partecipanti 719[1] Formula 49 gironi Risultati Vincitore Ponziana(1º titolo) Promozioni 18 (ma solo 13 accettate) Retrocessioni Variabile (in media 2 per girone) Cronologia della competizione 1958-1959 1960-1961 Manuale La Prima Categoria 1959-1960 è stata la massima espressione a livello regionale e dilettantistico del campionato italiano di c...

Professional library association and academic publisher Atla (American Theological Library Association) The American Theological Library Association (Atla)[1] is a nonprofit, 501(c)(3), professional association, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, United States. Atla's member libraries and librarians provide resources for scholarly research to tens of thousands of students, faculty, staff, and administrators. The association supports the membership with services and products, includin...

 

 

Indoor sporting arena located in Russia Further information: CSKA Sports Complex Universal Sports Hall CSKA Moscow (USH CSKA)CSKA Universal Sports HallFull nameAlexander Gomelsky Universal Sports Hall CSKA MoscowFormer namesCSKA Palace of SportsLocationMoscow, RussiaCoordinates55°47′21.23″N 37°32′33.48″E / 55.7892306°N 37.5426333°E / 55.7892306; 37.5426333Public transit Dinamo Petrovsky Park Petrovsky ParkOwnerCSKA MoscowCapacity5,000SurfaceParquet FloorCon...

 

 

Hip hop recording artist discography Danny Brown discographyDanny Brown performing in 2014Studio albums6Music videos37EPs4Singles24Mixtapes9Promotional singles2Guest appearances86 The discography of Danny Brown, an American hip hop recording artist, consists of six studio albums, four extended plays (EPs), nine mixtapes, twenty four singles (including fourteen as a featured artist), two promotional singles and 37 music videos. Studio albums List of albums, with selected chart positions Title ...

American politician This article is about the mayor of Detroit, Michigan. For the shipwreck in Lake Erie, see SS John Pridgeon Jr. John Pridgeon Jr.Mayor of DetroitIn office1888–1889Preceded byMarvin H. ChamberlainSucceeded byHazen S. Pingree Personal detailsBorn(1852-08-01)August 1, 1852Detroit, MichiganDiedMarch 16, 1929(1929-03-16) (aged 76)Cambridge, MassachusettsSpouses Cora Edgar ​ ​(m. 1874; div. 1911)​ Blanche Pridgeon Cate ​...

 

 

English philosopher (born 1962) Nick LandBorn (1962-01-17) 17 January 1962 (age 62)NationalityBritishEraContemporary philosophyRegionWestern philosophySchoolContinental philosophy[1]AccelerationismDark EnlightenmentInstitutionsUniversity of WarwickMain interests Acceleration nihilism materialism cybernetics antihumanism cyberpunk horror Notable ideasAccelerationism Nick Land (born 17 January 1962) is an English philosopher, who has been described as the Godfather of accelerationi...