1856年10月にジャーディン・マセソンのイギリス人実業家チャールズ・ウィルズ[10]と、ラッセル&コー[11]の「才気ありエネルギッシュ」なアメリカ人社長でありアメリカ副領事(1853年)・スウェーデンとノルウェーの領事[12]も務めていたエドワード・R・カニンガム(1823年–1889年)[13]は、20人の投資家による合弁企業[14] Soochow Creek Bridge Company[15](苏州河桥梁公司、中国で初めて橋の建設を本業とした会社[3])から出資を受け、呉淞江の南側のイギリス租界と北側のアメリカ租界の行き来を容易にするため[16]、最も河口側の渡し船のルートに、呉淞江を渡る初めての外国製の橋を建設した[17]。これは1855年に壊れて「中国人には建て直すことができない」[18]中国製の橋を置き換えるものであり、この橋はやがて「ウィルズ橋」と呼ばれるようになった[16]。この橋は全て木製であり、全長137.16メートル、幅7.01メートルだった[14]。呉淞江を大型の船が出入りできるよう、北側は跳ね橋構造になっていた。フランシス・ポットによると、それは「あまり見栄えのよい構造ではなかった」[15]。
ウィルズは中国に資本を持ち込んでインフラに投資し、それは中国人と外国人の両方に益をもたらした。この橋に彼は12,000ドルを投資し、当然に通行料を課した[19]。アーンリョウによると「投資は、全ての乗り物と歩行者が払う通行料で回収されることになっており、馬車は年5両、歩行者は年1両だった」[14]。橋は、その少額な通行料を支払える者なら誰でも利用できたが「住民には評判が悪かった」[20]。中国人も外国人もこの通行料を払ったが、外国人は上海で財やサービスを買う時そうするのと同様、ツケ払いにしていた。これが多くの中国人の目には、外国人だけ無料で橋を渡っているように映った[21]。1863年にイギリスとアメリカの租界が合併した際、通行料は倍に値上げされ、中国人住民から強い反発が起こった。ウィルズ橋の通行料システムは、列強が中国人に課している多くの差別の一つだと地元民はみなした。彼らは抗議活動を行ない、橋の利用をボイコットして、広東の商人たちが呉淞江を渡る新しい渡し船を開業した[14]。広東出身の Zhan Re は現在の陝西路にあたるところに新しい渡し船を開業した[22]。1872年に『申報』の編集者に寄せられた投稿には、ウィルズ橋を渡るのに中国人は通行料を取られるのに外国人が免除されていることへの怒りが綴られている[23]。橋のオーナーは確かに「利に目敏い」という投稿もあった[24]。Barbara Mittler によると「これは誤解であることがわかった。実際は、共同租界工部局が外国人の利用者分の年間利用料を払っていたのである」[25]。ポットによると、「会社は橋の利用者から集めた利用料で莫大な利益を上げ、地方長官(道台)から25年間の独占権の免許を得たと主張した。しかし市民は抗議し、道台のそのような免許は何であれ認められないと拒否した」[26]。ウィルズはやがて富豪になったが[27]、P&Oの蒸気船ベンガル号の船上で1857年9月9日に死去した[28]。
^Some sources indicate "Willis" e.g. Christian Henriot, ed. "Virtual Shanghai: Shanghai Urban Space in Time"; http://www.virtualshanghai.net/Image.php?ID=1706, while others indicate his surname was "Wales", "Whales", or "Welles". The earliest sources indicate it was Wills. E.g. see North-China Herald (1 August 1857):2.
^Kwang-Ching Liu, Anglo-American Steamship Rivalry in China, 1862-1874 (Harvard University Press, 1962):13.
^Shanghai Almanac (1856). Cunningham was instrumental in the founding of the Shanghai Steamship Company, and was its president (1862-1864). See Kwang-Ching Liu, 33.
^Zhaojin Ji, A History of Modern Shanghai Banking: The Rise and Decline of China's Finance Capitalism (M.E. Sharpe, 2003):61.
^ abFrancis Lister Hawks Pott, A Short History of Shanghai: Being an Account of the Growth and Development of the International Settlement (Kelly & Walsh, limited, 1928):73.
^Edward Denison and Guang Yu Ren, Building Shanghai: The Story of China's Gateway (Wiley-Academy, 2006):112.
^Joshua A. Fogel, The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery of China, 1862-1945 (Stanford University Press, 1996):52.
^North-China Herald (1 August 1857):2; Francis Lister Hawks Pott, A Short History of Shanghai: Being an Account of the Growth and Development of the International Settlement (Kelly & Walsh, limited, 1928):73; see Wm Patrick Cranley, "Bridge of Misunderstanding: Shanghai's Waibaidu Qiao" (19 February 2008); http://shanghaiist.com/2008/02/19/bridge_of_misun.php
^See proclamation of Shanghai magistrate Hwang, 16 July 1857, explaining necessity of Chinese paying the toll as it was foreign money not Chinese money that financed construction of the bridge. See North-China Herald (1 August 1857):2; Denison & Guang, 112.
^Ling Pan, In Search of Old Shanghai, 2nd ed. (Joint Pub. Co., 1982):35.
^"Deaths", North-China Herald (31 October 1857):2. The Bengal weighed 2,185 tons and was built in 1853, and sold in 1870 to New York, London & China SS Co. See "Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company / P&O Line", The Ships List, “アーカイブされたコピー”. 2009年5月1日時点のオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2009年5月19日閲覧。. On 2 March 1885 it was wrecked off Milton Reef, Bawcan Island, Java, when on passage from Saigon to Sourabaya with a cargo of rice. See http://www.clydesite.co.uk/articles/2mar.asp
^John D. Clark, Sketches in and around Shanghai etc (the "Shanghai Mercury" and "Celestial Empire" Offices, 1894):48.
^Betty Peh-Tʻi Wei, Old Shanghai (Oxford University Press, 1993):57.
^Arnold Wright and HA Cartwright, Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong: History, People, Commerce, Industries & Resources (Lloyd's Greater Britain Publishing, 1908):
^"Bridging the generations", Zhang Souqing, photograph and caption on page 1 of Shanghai Daily, 9 April 2009.
^Mao Dun, in Midnight (English translation by Hsu Meng-hsiung and AC Barnes, ; Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1957):9; Alexander Townsend Des Forges, Mediasphere Shanghai: The Aesthetics of Cultural Production (University of Hawaii Press, 2007):132.
^Paddy Bushe, The Nitpicking of Cranes (Dedalus Press, 2004):20.
^Paddy Bushe and Bernard O'Donoghue, To Ring in Silence: New and Selected Poems (Dedalus Press, 2008):13.
Dikötter, Frank. Exotic Commodities: Modern Objects and Everyday Life in China. Columbia University Press, 2007. Pages 97 and 134 for photos of the Garden Bridge in the 1940s.
Hutcheon, Robin. China—Yellow. Chinese University Press, 1996. See page 304 for photo of the Garden Bridge in the 1920s.
Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (1914):9. Analyses stratification problems with Wills' bridge.
Keswick, Maggie and Clara Weatherall. The Thistle and The Jade: A Celebration of 175 Years of Jardine Matheson. Frances Lincoln ltd, 2008. See page 237 for picture of thousands of refugees crossing the Garden Bridge in August 1937, and page 249 for colour poster celebrating the 1945 liberation of Shanghai, featuring the Garden Bridge.
Wright, Arnold and H.A. Cartwright, Twentieth Century Impressions of Hong Kong: History, People, Commerce, Industries & Resources. Lloyd's Greater Britain Publishing, 1908. See page 599 for picture of newly constructed Garden Bridge.
Wu, Liang and Foster Stockwell, Old Shanghai: A Lost Age. Trans. Mingjie Wang Foreign Language Press, 2001. see page 174 for photo of the Garden Bridge.
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