これらの遺伝子は、突然変異によりゲノム内を移動するだけでなく、外在性を獲得してゲノムから離れて移動したり、あるいは病原性を獲得して他の個体に感染したりすることがある。このことから、必ずしも全てのERVがレトロウイルスによる遺伝子挿入の結果とはかぎらず、逆にレトロウイルスの源となった遺伝情報もあるかもしれない[5]。ウイルス DNA が生殖系列に組み込まれる際、宿主の遺伝子プールに定着して ERV を生じる可能性がある[1][6]。
^Cotton, J. (2001). “Retroviruses from retrotransposons”. Genome Biology2 (2): 6. http://genomebiology.com/2001/2/2/reports/0006. "It appears that the transition from nonviral retrotransposon to retrovirus has occurred independently at least eight times, and the source of the envelope gene responsible for infectious ability can now be traced to a virus in at least four of these instances. This suggests that potentially, any LTR retrotransposon can become a virus through the acquisition of existing viral genes."
^Spencer TE, Palmarini M (2012). “Endogenous retroviruses of sheep: a model system for understanding physiological adaptation to an evolving ruminant genome”. J Reprod Dev58 (1): 33–7. doi:10.1262/jrd.2011-026. PMID22450282.
^ abcBlack SG, Arnaud F, Palmarini M, Spencer TE (2010). “Endogenous Retroviruses in Trophoblast Differentiation and Placental Development”. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology64 (4): 255–264. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00860.x. PMID20528833.
^ abcdevan de Lagemaat LN, Landry JR, Mager DL, Medstrand P (Oct 2003). “Transposable elements in mammals promote regulatory variation and diversification of genes with specialized functions”. Trends Genet19 (10): 530–6. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2003.08.004. PMID14550626.
^ abKovalskaya E, Buzdin A, Gogvadze E, Vinogradova T, Sverdlov E (2006). “Functional human endogenous retroviral LTR transcription start sites are located between the R and U5 regions”. Virology346 (2): 373–8. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2005.11.007. PMID16337666.
^Dunn CA, Romanish MT, Gutierrez LE, van de Lagemaat LN, Mager DL (2006). “Transcription of two human genes from a bidirectional endogenous retrovirus promoter”. Gene366 (2): 335–42. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2005.09.003. PMID16288839.
^Hughes, J and Coffin, JM (2001). “Evidence for Genomic Rearrangements Mediated by Human Endogenous Retroviruses during Primate Evolution”. Nat Genet29 (4): 487–92. doi:10.1038/ng775.
^ abDawkins R, Leelayuwat C, Gaudieri S, Tay G, Hui J, Cattley S, Martinez P, Kulski J (1999). “Genomics of the major histocompatibility complex: haplotypes, duplication, retroviruses and disease”. Immunol Rev167: 275–304. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.1999.tb01399.x. PMID10319268.
Anika Noni RoseRose di Annual Peabody Awards ke-69, 2010Lahir6 September 1972 (umur 51)Bloomfield, Connecticut, Amerika SerikatPendidikanFlorida A&M University (Sarjana)American Conservatory Theater (Magistrat)PekerjaanPemeran, penyanyiTahun aktif1998–sekarangSitus webtwitter.com/AnikaNoniRose Anika Noni Rose (lahir 6 September 1972) adalah seorang pemeran dan penyanyi Amerika Serikat yang dikenal karena penampilan pemenang Tony Award-nya dalam produksi Broadway Caroline, or ...
Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article n’est pas rédigé dans un style encyclopédique (mai 2016). Vous pouvez améliorer sa rédaction ! Florian GazanBiographieNaissance 14 janvier 1968 (56 ans)Paris, FranceNom de naissance Florian SpieroNationalité françaiseActivité Animateur de radio, animateur de télévisionPère Jean-Pierre SpieroAutres informationsA travaillé pour RTLEurope 2NRJEurope 1Fun Radiomodifier - modifier l...
Renang padaPekan Olahraga Nasional XIX Gaya bebas 50 m putra putri 100 m putra putri 200 m putra putri 400 m putra putri 800 m putra putri 1500 m putra putri Gaya punggung 50 m putra putri 100 m putra putri 200 m putra putri Gaya dada 50 m putra putri 100 m putra putri 200 m putra putri Gaya kupu-kupu 50 m putra putri 100 m putra putri 200 m putra putri Gaya ganti perorangan 200 m putra putri 400 m putra putri Gaya bebas estafet 4×100 m putra putri 4×200 m putra putri Gaya ganti estafet 4�...
British Columbia province of Canada (en) British Columbia (en) flag of British Columbia (en) coat of arms of British Columbia (en) Moto«Splendor Sine Occasu» Lambang resmiSteller's Jay (en), Kermode bear (en), Oncorhynchus (en), Cornus nuttallii (en), giok dan Thuja plicata (en) Dinamakan berdasarkanKepulauan Inggris dan Columbia District (en) Tempat <mapframe>: Judul Canada/British Columbia.map .map bukan merupakan halaman data peta yang sahcategoria:Articles mancats de coordenades N...
American photographer Bruce HallNationalityUSAKnown forPhotographyWebsitevisualsummit.com Neurodiversity paradigm Philosophy Bodily autonomy Disability rights movement Independent living movement Self-advocacy Organizations Aspies For Freedom Autism Network International Autistic Self Advocacy Network National Autistic Society Events Autism Acceptance Day & Month Autism History Month Autistic Pride Day Autscape Disability Day of Mourning Neurodiversity Celebration Week Weird Pride Da...
Korteks insularInsula berada di bagian kanan, dibuka dengan menghilangkan operkulumBagian koronal otak didepan pons (inslua ada di atas kanan)RincianBagian dariKorteks otak besar di otakArteriSerebral tengahPengidentifikasiBahasa Latincortex insularisMeSHD000087623NeuroNames111NeuroLex IDbirnlex_1117TA98A14.1.09.149 A12.2.07.053TA25502FMA67329Daftar istilah neuroanatomi[sunting di Wikidata]Korteks insular (atau insula dan lobus insular) adalah sebagian dari korteks otak besar yang terlipa...
Anayama NobukimiAnayama Baisetsu in un dipinto dell'epocaNascita1541 Morte21 giugno 1582 Dati militariPaese servito Giappone Forza armata Clan Takeda Clan Tokugawa Anni di servizio1561 - 1582 GradoGeneraleHatamoto ComandantiTakeda ShingenTakeda KatsuyoriTokugawa Ieyasu BattaglieQuarta battaglia di Kawanakajima (1561) Assedio di Minowa (1566) Assedio di Odawara (1569) Battaglia di Mikatagahara (1573) Battaglia di Nagashino (1575) voci di militari presenti su Wikipedia Manuale Nobukimi Ana...
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Leonardo da Vinci programme – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The Leonardo da Vinci programme is a European Commission funding programme focused on the teaching and training needs of those involved in vocational education and trai...
Tautan data taktis (Inggris: tactical data link, disingkat TDL) atau data link taktis adalah penggunaan tautan data standar pada komunikasi melalui gelombang radio atau kabel yang digunakan oleh pasukan bersenjata AS dan negara NATO. Semua sistem militer C3 menggunakan TDL standar untuk mengirim, menyampaikan, dan menerima data taktis. Pod Advanced Data Link AN-AWW-13 pada P-3C Orion di Okinawa, Jepang. F-18C dengan rudal SLAM-ER dan pod AWW-13 sedang terbang.g Perubahan terminologi Istil...
UTC beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat UTC (disambiguasi). Waktu saat ini[1] 08.03, 2 Mei 2024 (UTC) – Muat ulang halaman Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi (Inggris: Coordinated Universal Time, Prancis: Temps Universel Coordonné, singkatan resmi: UTC1), sering disebut sebagai Waktu Zulu adalah perwujudan dari waktu atom dari Waktu Universal (UT) atau Waktu Greenwich (GMT). Waktu ini adalah dasar dari waktu sipil. Zona waktu di seluruh dunia ditampilkan sebagai t...
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2020) BridesMarch 2009 cover of BridesEditorGabriella Rello Duffy(Editorial Director)Corinne Pierre-Louis(Senior Fashion Editor)Jessica Chassin(Senior Social Media Editor)FrequencyQuarterlyPublisherDotdash MeredithTotal circulation(2013)330,605[1]Founded1934CompanyIACCountryUSLanguageEnglishWebsitewww.brides.com Brides (stylized in all caps) is an American ...
Action figures based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figuresStorage Shell Donatello action figure produced by Playmates Toys in 1990.TypeAction figuresCompanyPlaymates ToysCountryBritish Hongkong (1988–1 July 1997)Hongkong (1 July 1997–)Availability1988–PresentMaterialsplastic Action figures based on the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles franchise have been produced by Playmates Toys since 1988. Staff artists at the Northampton, Massachusetts based Mir...
Petra Frey Petra Frey en 2017Informations générales Naissance 27 juin 1978 (45 ans)Innsbruck, Autriche Activité principale Chanteuse, danseuse Genre musical Schlager Instruments voix Années actives 1993 à maintenant Site officiel www.petrafrey.com modifier Petra Frey, née le 27 juin 1978 à Innsbruck, est une chanteuse autrichienne. Biographie Petra a sorti son premier album, Bloß Träume im Kopf en 1993. Petra a représenté l’Autriche au Concours Eurovision de la chanson en 1...
Political party in Brazil Democratic Renewal Party Partido Renovação DemocráticaAbbreviationPRDPresidentOvasco Resende[1]Vice PresidentJúnior Marreca[2]First SecretarySidney Pessoa de Queiroz[2]Founded26 October 2022; 19 months ago (2022-10-26)Registered9 November 2023; 6 months ago (2023-11-09)Merger of Brazilian Labour Party[3] Patriota Ideology Right-wing populism[4] Brazilian nationalism[4] Na...
Shopping mall in California, United StatesJapan CenterExterior of Japan Center East, Hotel Kabuki visible in backgroundLocationSan Francisco, California, United StatesCoordinates37°47′06″N 122°25′48″W / 37.785°N 122.430°W / 37.785; -122.430Opening date1968DeveloperNational-BraemarKinki Nippon RailwayPublic transit accessSF Muni #2 Clement, #3 Jackson, 22 Fillmore, 38 Geary/38R Geary RapidWebsitejapancentersf.com The Japan Center is a shopping...
لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع ليل (توضيح). ليل علم شعار الاسم الرسمي (بالفرنسية: Lille)(بpcd: Lile) الإحداثيات 50°37′55″N 3°03′27″E / 50.631944444444°N 3.0575°E / 50.631944444444; 3.0575 [1] [2] تقسيم إداري البلد فرنسا[3][4] التقسيم الأعلى ليلنور عاصمة لـ ن...
1929 United Kingdom general election ← 1924 30 May 1929 1931 → ← outgoing memberselected members →All 615 seats in the House of Commons308 seats needed for a majorityTurnout76.3%, 0.7 pp First party Second party Third party Leader Ramsay MacDonald Stanley Baldwin David Lloyd George Party Labour Conservative Liberal Leader since 21 November 1922 23 May 1923 14 October 1926 Leader's seat Seaham Bewdley Caernarvon Boroughs Last...