ナミビア独立戦争

ナミビア独立戦争
南アフリカ国境戦争

1978年の地理的状況。民族主義ゲリラの味方国は赤、ナミビアは紅で塗られている。
1966年8月26日 - 1990年3月21日
場所南西アフリカ(ナミビア
結果
領土の
変化
南西アフリカが南アフリカからナミビアとして独立。
衝突した勢力
反共主義軍:
援助組織:
アフリカ民族主義軍:
指揮官
戦力

1989年時点で7.1万人[1][16]

南アフリカ共和国 南アフリカ:
  • 南アフリカ防衛軍:3万743人
  • 非正規兵:1万人
南アフリカ共和国 南西アフリカ:

1989年時点:[17]

  • ゲリラ:3.2万人
被害者数
2038人[18] - 2500人[19] 1万1335人[20]

ナミビア独立戦争(ナミビアどくりつせんそう)は、1966年から1990年まで続いた独立戦争で、南西アフリカ人民機構(SWAPO)を中心としたアフリカ民族主義勢力が南アフリカのアパルトヘイト政府からの南西アフリカナミビア)の独立を求めて戦った。南アフリカ国境戦争と密接な関係にあったほか、北隣のアンゴラで起こっていたアンゴラ独立戦争(1961年~1975年)やアンゴラ内戦(1975年~2002年)とも密接な関係にあった。

南アフリカは第一次世界大戦で南西アフリカをドイツから奪い、その後委任統治していた。1966年、国際連盟の後継組織である国際連合総会は南アフリカによる南西アフリカの統治を廃止し、国連直轄統治地域とした。南アフリカはこの決定を拒否し、事実上の支配を続けた。[21] 1966年8月26日、南西アフリカ人民機構ゲリラ軍はオムグルグヲンバシェの南アフリカ防衛軍を攻撃した。これがナミビアの独立に向けての最初の戦闘だった。[22]8月26日はナミビアの祝日になっている。国連は同日を「ナミビアの日」としているが、[23]ナミビア人は英雄の日と呼んでいる。1988年12月22日、三国協定英語版(通称:ニューヨーク協定)によって戦争は終わった。この協定はアンゴラ内戦への外国人兵士の介入も終わらせた。ナミビアは1990年3月21日に独立し、続く選挙で南西アフリカ人民機構が国会の72議席中55議席を獲得し国民政府を作った[24]

出典

  1. ^ a b Fryxell, Cole. To Be Born a Nation. p. 13 
  2. ^ Cuba Annual Report: 1986, 1986. Page 538-539.
  3. ^ Land Mines in Angola, 1993. Page 6.
  4. ^ The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare:
    Principles, Practices, and Regional Comparisons, 1988. Page 140-147
  5. ^ Namibia: the road to self-government, 1979. Page 41.
  6. ^ The foreign policy of Yugoslavia, 1973–1980, 1980. Page 125
  7. ^ Yugoslavia in the 1980s, 1985. Page 265.
  8. ^ Interparliamentary Union Conference, Sofia, Bulgaria:
    Report of the United States Delegation to the 64th Conference of the Interparliamentary Union, Held at Sofia, Bulgaria, 21–30 September 1977. Page 42
  9. ^ Record of Proceedings -International Labour Conference 6, 1982. Page 4.
  10. ^ Tanzania: A Political Economy, 2013. Page 355.
  11. ^ SWAPO and the struggle for national self-determination in Namibia, 1980. Page 33.
  12. ^ Rhodesian Insurgency – Part 2”. Rhodesia.nl. 15 January 2013閲覧。
  13. ^ Imagery and Ideology in U.S. Policy Toward Libya 1969–1982, 1988. Page 70.
  14. ^ SWAPO Information Bulletin, 1983. Page 37.
  15. ^ AAPSO Presidium Committee on Africa held in Algeria, 17–18 February 1985, 1985. Page 26.
  16. ^ Tsokodayi, Cleophas Johannes. Namibia's Independence Struggle: The Role of the United Nations. pp. 1–305 
  17. ^ World Bank discussion paper no. 331: Africa technical department series : Case”. Greenstone (1996年). 9 August 2013閲覧。
  18. ^ SA Roll of Honour: List of Wars”. Justdone.co.za. 15 January 2013閲覧。
  19. ^ Reginald Herbold Green. “Namibia : The road to Namibia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia”. Britannica.com. 15 January 2013閲覧。
  20. ^ Military Chronicle of South-West Africa”. Rhodesia.nl. 15 January 2013閲覧。
  21. ^ Namibian War of Independence 1966–1988”. Armed Conflict Events Database. 30 November 2009閲覧。
  22. ^ Petronella Sibeene (17 April 2009). “Swapo Party Turns 49”. New Era. http://www.newera.com.na/article.php?articleid=3769 
  23. ^ United Nations Conferences and Observances Archived 2008年5月14日, at the Wayback Machine.
  24. ^ Michael Johns (19 November 1989). “Namibian Voters Deny Total Power to SWAPO”. The Wall Street Journal. Archived 2014-08-10 at the Wayback Machine.

関連項目

外部リンク

Read other articles:

1stAlbum studio karya Maliq & D'EssentialsDirilis20 Mei 2005 30 Juni 2006 (special edition)Direkam2003 - 2004GenrePop, JazzLabelWarner Music IndonesiaKronologi Maliq & D'Essentials 1st Maliq & D'essentials (2005) 1st Maliq & D'essentials Special Edition (2006) Free Your Mind (2007) Free Your Mind Repackaged (2008) Singel dalam album 1st TerdiamDirilis: 20 April 2005 UntitledDirilis: 20 Oktober 2005 String Module Error: Match not foundString Module Error: Match not found Te...

 

Klasemen medaliOlimpiade Musim Panas 1956LokasiMelbourne, AustraliaStockholm, SwediaIkhtisarPerolehan medali emas terbanyak Uni Soviet (37)Perolehan jumlah medali terbanyak Uni Soviet (98)← 1952 Klasemen medali1960 → Klasemen medali Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956 adalah klasemen medali selama pelaksanaan Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956. Olimpiade ini berlangsung di Melbourne, Australia sejak 22 November hingga 8 Desember 1956 dan di Stockholm, Swedia sejak 11 hingga 17 ...

 

Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang ibukota Afganistan. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Kabul (disambiguasi). Kabul کابلKotaPusat kota Kabul yang berada di 5,900 ft (1,800 m) dari permukaan laut di lembah yang sempit, diapit oleh pegunungan Hindu KushKabulLokasi di AfganistanKoordinat: 34°31′31″N 69°10′42″E / 34.52528°N 69.17833°E / 34.52528; 69.17833Koordinat: 34°31′31″N 69°10′42″E / 34.52528°N 69.17833°E / 34.52...

South African Confederation of Cue SportSportCue sportAbbreviationSACCSFounded2006HeadquartersJohannesburgLocation90 Main Road, Bluehills, Kyalami, JohannesburgPresidentAnand Naidoo[1]SecretaryJo-Anne ReynoldsOfficial websitewww.sacuesport.co.za The South African Confederation of Cue Sport (SACCS) is the governing body of cue sports in South Africa. SACCS is responsible for the promotion and development of the combination of pool, carom and snooker, and is affiliated to SASCOC.[2...

 

Device communications bus system An iButton in a plastic fob, as used for Istanbul Akbil smart ticket A Java ring with an embedded iButton 1-Wire is a wired half-duplex serial bus designed by Dallas Semiconductor that provides low-speed (16.3 kbit/s[1]) data communication and supply voltage over a single conductor.[2] 1-Wire is similar in concept to I2C, but with lower data rates and longer range. It is typically used to communicate with small inexpensive devices such as ...

 

Election in Oklahoma Main article: 1992 United States presidential election 1992 United States presidential election in Oklahoma ← 1988 November 3, 1992 1996 →   Nominee George H. W. Bush Bill Clinton Ross Perot Party Republican Democratic Independent Home state Texas Arkansas Texas Running mate Dan Quayle Al Gore James Stockdale Electoral vote 8 0 0 Popular vote 592,929 473,066 319,878 Percentage 42.65% 34.02% 23.01% County Results Bush  &#...

Funk Model B Role Two-seat cabin monoplaneType of aircraft Manufacturer Akron Aircraft CompanyFunk Aircraft Company Designer Howard and Joe Funk First flight 1933 Number built 380 The Funk Model B was a 1930s American two-seat cabin monoplane designed by Howard and Joe Funk. Originally built by the Akron Aircraft Company later renamed Funk Aircraft Company. Development The Model B was the first powered aircraft designed by brothers Howard and Joe Funk, whose previous experience was in homebu...

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento aeroporti non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Aeroporto di Prestwickaeroporto Terminal Codice IATAPIK Codice ICAOEGPK Nome commercialeGlasgow Prestwick Airport DescrizioneTipocivile ProprietarioInfratil GestoreGlasgow Prestwick Airport Ltd Stato Regno ...

 

2002 studio album by The Lascivious BiddiesBiddi-luxe!Studio album by The Lascivious BiddiesReleased2002Recorded2002GenreJazz/CabaretThe Lascivious Biddies chronology Biddi-luxe!(2002) Get Lucky(2004) Biddi-luxe! is the debut album of The Lascivious Biddies. Track listing Rhode Island (a.k.a. Coney Island) It's Only a Paper Moon Little D's Daydream Ethel and Esther I'd Rather Alice Headed South Prairie Song Idle Boy Ladies Home Auxiliary Moon River Head Over Heels The Anthem Reference...

内華達州 美國联邦州State of Nevada 州旗州徽綽號:產銀之州、起戰之州地图中高亮部分为内華達州坐标:35°N-42°N, 114°W-120°W国家 美國建州前內華達领地加入聯邦1864年10月31日(第36个加入联邦)首府卡森城最大城市拉斯维加斯政府 • 州长(英语:List of Governors of {{{Name}}}]]) • 副州长(英语:List of lieutenant governors of {{{Name}}}]])喬·隆巴爾多(R斯塔...

 

密西西比州 哥伦布城市綽號:Possum Town哥伦布位于密西西比州的位置坐标:33°30′06″N 88°24′54″W / 33.501666666667°N 88.415°W / 33.501666666667; -88.415国家 美國州密西西比州县朗兹县始建于1821年政府 • 市长罗伯特·史密斯 (民主党)面积 • 总计22.3 平方英里(57.8 平方公里) • 陸地21.4 平方英里(55.5 平方公里) • ...

 

اقتصاد الجزائرعامالدولة الجزائرعملة دينار جزائري (DZD، دج)المنظمات الاتحاد الأفريقي، منطقة التجارة الحرة القارية الأفريقية (اتفاقية موقعة)، أوبك، منتدى الدول المصدرة للغاز، وغيرهاالإحصائياتالناتج الإجمالي ▲ 266,87 بليون دولار (قيمة إسمية، 2023)[3] ▲ 609,108 بليون دولار (تعاد�...

American freestyle vocal group This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia's inclusion policy. (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this mes...

 

Companion (Sahaba) of Muhammad (died c. 652 CE) Abu Ma'badMiqdad ibn Amr al-Bahrani المقداد بن عمرو ٱلْبَهْرَانِيّal-BadriBornEastern ArabiaHadhramaut, YemenDied33 AHDamascus, Syria / al-Jurf, west of MedinaBurial placeDamascus[1]/al Jufr, Medina[2]Other namesMiqdad ibn al-Aswad al-Kindi (Arabic: المقداد بن الأسود ٱلْكِنْدِيّ)Employer(s)Muhammad, Abu Bakar, UmarOrganizationRashidun caliphateKnown for Companion of t...

 

1940s-1960s U.S. assimilation policy towards Native Americans Indian termination is a phrase describing United States policies relating to Native Americans from the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s.[1] It was shaped by a series of laws and practices with the intent of assimilating Native Americans into mainstream American society. Cultural assimilation of Native Americans was not new; the belief that indigenous people should abandon their traditional lives and become what the government con...

Head of state of Ethiopia For a list of officeholders, see List of presidents of Ethiopia. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: President of Ethiopia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) President of Ethiopia Name in national lang...

 

Telecommunications Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste Landlines (2006): 3,000[1] Mobile lines (2007): 103,000[1] ccTLD: .tl Calling code: +670 Telephones Following Indonesia's withdrawal from East Timor in 1999, the telecommunications infrastructure was destroyed in the ensuing violence, and Telkom Indonesia ceased to provide services. A new country code (670) was allocated to East Timor by the International Telecommunication Union, but international access often remained sev...

 

French association football player and manager For the French Olympic hockey player, see Claude Leroy (field hockey). Claude Le Roy Le Roy in Cairo, in 2019Personal informationDate of birth (1948-02-06) 6 February 1948 (age 76)Place of birth Bois-Normand-près-Lyre, France-Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1968–1970 Rouen 1970–1973 Ajaccio 1973–1977 Avignon Foot 84 1977–1980 Laval 1980–1981 Amiens Managerial career1980–1983 Amiens1983–1985 Grenoble1985 Al-Shabab1985–1988...

Eleanor Powell, 1938 Eleanor Torrey Powell (* 21. November 1912 in Springfield, Massachusetts; † 11. Februar 1982 in Beverly Hills, Kalifornien) war eine US-amerikanische Tänzerin, Sängerin und Schauspielerin. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Leben 2 Filmografie 3 Weblinks 4 Einzelnachweise Leben Eleanor Powell wurde bereits mit 11 Jahren in einer Vaudeville Kinder-Revue von Gus Edwards entdeckt, der sie in den 1920er-Jahren an den Broadway brachte. Im Jahr 1935 brachten ihr ihre Präzision und Schne...

 

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens SOX3IdentifiersAliasesSOX3, GHDX, MRGH, PHP, PHPX, SOXB, SRY-box 3, SRY-box transcription factor 3External IDsOMIM: 313430; MGI: 98365; HomoloGene: 4118; GeneCards: SOX3; OMA:SOX3 - orthologsGene location (Human)Chr.X chromosome (human)[1]BandXq27.1Start140,502,985 bp[1]End140,505,069 bp[1]Gene location (Mouse)Chr.X chromosome (mouse)[2]BandX A6|X 33.66 cMStart59,934,972 bp[2]End59,937,036 bp[2 ...