クラーケン(ノルウェー語: krake)名を用いて、その怪物を解説した初出がポントピダン(英語版)司教の『ノルウェー博物誌 Det første Forsøg paa Norges naturlige Historie』(1752–53年)だと(誤って)述べられることがあるが[41]、ドイツの解説では、母国語(ドイツ語)でクラーケンについて詳しく知ることができる初めての史料がポントピダン(の独訳)である、と述べたに過ぎないのである[42][43][注 14]。
ハンス・エーイェゼ(ハンス・エゲデ)著『古いグリーンランドの新しい解釈 Det gamle Grønlands nye perlustration』(1729年、ドイツ訳1730年、英訳1745年)[39]の脚注に、長文にわたってクラーケ(英訳名:クラーケン kracken)の説明が行われている[48][注 15]
^欄外にある節題名は「ノルランのクラーケ伝説 Fabel om Kraken i Nordlandene」で[49]、英訳題名は「ノルウェーのクラーケン物語、亡霊と騙られしもの也 A Norway Tale of Kraken, a pretended phantom」と拡張されている[50]。原文にあるノルラン(Nordland)というのはエーイェゼの生国でデンマーク統治下ノルラン・レーン(現今のヌールラン県以北)だが、生誕地は今はノルラン県(ヌールラン県])でなくトロムス・オ・フィンマルク県ハーシュタに組み込まれる。
^オザエナが「臭いやつ stinkard」という意味のタコの異称であることは、ゲルハートのラテン文・英語対訳で確認できる。ただしポントピダンが引用した犬との格闘の箇所 "Namque et afflatu terribli canes agebat.." は、ゲルハート論文ではラテン語は空白であり、英訳("were pitted against something uncanny, for by its awful breath it tormented the dogs, which it now scourged with the ends of its tentacles")のみで確認できる。
^"The Kraken supposed a sepia or cuttlefish"。「セピア属、カトルフィッシュとされる」は今では語弊があるが、当時は蛸もセピア属に分類されていたため、蛸も「八足カトルフィッシュ」という事になった。現在はカトルフィッシュといえばもっぱらコウイカのことである。[147]。他にも、アメリカの動物学者A・S・パッカード(英語版)が、モンフォールの絵をクラーケンとみなして解説を行っている[4]
^“kraken”. Oxford English Dictionary. V (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. (1933). p. 754. "Norw. kraken, krakjen, the -n, being the suffixed definite article" = A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (1901), V: 754
^ abcEgede (1741). p. 48: "Det 3die Monstrum, kaldet Havgufa som det allerforunderligte, veed Autor ikke ret at beskrive" p. 49: " af dennem kaldes Kraken, og er uden Tvil den self jamm; som Islænderne kalde Havgufa"; Egede (1745). p. 86: "The third monster, named Hafgufa.. the Author does not well know ow to describe.. he never had any relation of it." p. 87: "Kracken.. no doubt the same that the Islanders call Hafgufa"
^Müller (1802), p. 594: "Der norwegische Bischoff Pontoppidan ist der erster, welcher uns einer umständliche und deutsche Nachricht von diesem Seethier gegeben hat"。ミュラー執筆、『ドイツ百科事典』(ドイツ語版)、「クラーケン」の項。"ノルウェーのポントピダン司教(のドイツ訳、1853b年)が、この海棲怪物(クラーケン)についてわかるようにドイツ語で読めるようになった最初である"とする。
^ abBushnell (2019), p. 56: "Nineteenth-century English interest in the Kraken stems from Linnaeus's discussion of the creature in the first edition of Systema Naturae (1735) and most famously from Natural History of Norway (1752-3) by the Bishop.. Pontoppidan (translated into English soon after)".
^ abc"Kraken". Encyclopædia Perthensis; or Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature, &c.. 12 (2nd ed.). John Brown, Edinburgh. 1816. pp. 541–542.
^Machan (2020): "In other words, Pontoppidan imagines the kraken as a kind of giant crab, although he, too, allows that the animal is largely unwitnessed and unknown.
^Wallenberg, Jacob (1836), “kapitele (ch. 17): Om en rar fisk”, Min son på galejan, eller en ostindisk resa innehållande allehanda bläckhornskram, samlade på skeppet Finland, som afseglade ifrån Götheborg i Dec. 1769, och återkom dersammastädes i Junii 1771, Stockholm: A. G. Hellsten, p. 163, https://books.google.com/books?id=eY4nsNaEZOwC&pg=PA163&q=kraken, "Det ar kraken, eller den så kallade krabbfisken,.. lär han ej vara längre än vårt Öland utanför Calmar..". The last paragraph tjat the remants of the Swedish Pomeranian army may be able to haul a specimen if one could be obtained is curtailed in the Stockholm: A. G. Hellsten, 1836 edition Kap. XVII, pp. 44–45
^Heuvelmans (2015), p. 124: その古代怪物は..ヘーラクレースの柱(ジブラルタル海峡)のすきまを通って入ってこれない;[ポントピダン]は、これが不鮮明ながら「クラーケン」への言及だとみていた。(英訳) it cannot pass through the Pillars of Hercules; he sees in it an obscure allusion" to the kraken".
"the Kraken.. with his many large horns or branches, as it were springing up from its body, which is round.. Both these descriptions [arbor and kraken] confirm my former suppositions, namely, that this Sea-animal belongs to the Polype or Star-fish species.. It seems to be of that Polypus kind which is called by the Dutch Zee-sonne, by Rondeletius and Gesner Stella Arborescens.[106][105]
^Heuvelmans (2015), p. 124: "From the vague description given by the fishermen, it was just as legitimate to see in the kraken a giant ophiurid as a giant cephalopod. It is acutally that first identification which Pontopiddan prefers".
^Metropolitana (1845), p. 258: ドイツ医師ブルーメンバッハは、 "北欧の博物学者たちが.. クラーケンの幼生としている Northern Naturalist consider.. the young of the Kraken"各種生物を説明すると称して、Asterias euryaleや Euryale Verrucosum を挙げている。
^Loeb 英訳に拠ると(引き裂く asunder)と見える:"Moreover Niger asserts that no animal is more savage in causing the death of a man in the water. For it struggles with him by coiling round him and it swallows him with sucker-cups and drags him asunder"(Nigg (2014), p. 148, Gerhardt (1966), p. 152).
^Mitchill (1813), pp. 396–397。見出し"Sepia octopus"。Mitchill (1813), p. 401: Linnaeus's Sepia octopus is explained to be the eight-armed animal called poulpe commun by the French, and which was neither the cuttlefish which have scales, nor squid which have plated.
^Heuvelmans (2015), p. 118, note 2: "..incorrectly claimed, following Louis Figuier (1860) and later Alfred Moquin-Tandon (1865) that Linnaeus had classified the kraken as the cephalopod Sepia microcosmus. This is completely false.
^Moquin-Tandon (1865), p. 311も同じ絵に言及するが "the giant Cephalopods embracing a tall ship in his huge arms, aiming to swallow it"。ただ、モンフォールの著作とするところを、 (マノンクール補遺による)Suites à Buffonが出典だと取り違えている。
^Lee (1884), p. 58: "From the crude image of a lobster having eight minor claws.. the transition is not great; and I believe that this also is a pictorial misrepresentation of a casualty by the attack of a calamary above described, .."
^Olaus Magnus (1887) [1539], Auslegung, p. 12: "G: Totius tabulae indicem partemque regnorum Anglie Scotie et Hollandie demonstrat" が全文で、他にアルファベットで記しされたモンスターのような説明がない。
^Olaus Magnus (1887) [1539], Auslegung, p. 12, note 5: "..Die geogr. Länge beginnt bald bei Irland, bald bei den Inseln "Fortunate"
Hamilton, Robert, M.D., FRSE (1839), “The Kraken”, in Jardine, William, Sir, Amphibious carnivora, including the Walrus and Seals, also of the Herbivorous Cetacea, &c., The Naturalist's Library 25 (Mammalia 11), Lizars, W. H. 1788-1859, engraver, Edinburgh: W. H. Lizars, p. 327–336, https://books.google.com/books?id=vwoOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA327. Plate XXX (The Kraken): "The Kraken supposed a sepia or cuttle fish (from Denys Montfort)", p. 326a via Biodiversity.
McMenamin, M.A.S. (2016). Deep Bones. In: M.A.S. McMenamin Dynamic Paleontology: Using Quantification and Other Tools to Decipher the History of Life. Springer, Cham. pp. 131–158. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22777-1_9ISBN978-3-319-22776-4.
Müller, Prof. Dr., in Giessen (1802), “Kraken”, Deutsche Encyclopädie oder Allgemeines Real-Wörterbuch aller Künste und Wissenschaften: Ko-Kraz, 22, Franfurt a. M.: Varrentrapp und Wenner, pp. 594–605, https://books.google.com/books?id=g2hkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA602
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