Zofia Poznańska

Zofia Poznańska, scritto anche Zosia, Zosha o Sophia (Łódź, 23 febbraio 1906Bruxelles, 29 settembre 1942), è stata una partigiana polacca.[1][2][3]

Biografia

Zofia Poznańska nacque a Łódź da Mosze Poznański e Hana Basz; apparteneva ad una ricca famiglia ebrea.[4] In seguito crebbe a Kalisz, dopo che la Polonia riconquistò la sua indipendenza nel 1918.[2] In gioventù aderì al movimento giovanile Hashomer Hatzair, ispirato al sionismo socialista.[2] Nel 1925, all'età di 19 anni, Zofia emigrò in Palestina per vivere e lavorare nel kibbutz di Mishmar HaEmek.[2][3] Dopo essere rimasta delusa dal kibbutz e aver lottato per tentare di conciliare la sua ideologia socialista e sionista con lo sfollamento dei contadini arabi, la cui terra era stata confiscata, Zofia si trasferì a Tel Aviv.[2] Lì conobbe Leopold Trepper e si unì al suo movimento comunista e binazionale, Ihud,[2] mentre nel 1927 aderì al Partito Comunista Palestinese.[2]

Fece ritorno in Polonia dopo essere stata informata che sorella si era ammalata gravemente. Quando tornò in Israele, scoprì che l'Ihud era stato soppresso dalle autorità britanniche; decise dunque di trasferirsi a Parigi, dove fu ugualmente attiva nel movimento comunista locale. Dopo che la polizia francese cominciò a fare pressioni sui comunisti, si trasferì a Bruxelles.[5]

Esperta di cifratura, lavorò per una cellula di spionaggio gestita da Trepper[6] sotto la falsa identità belga di "Anna Verlinden".[5] Nell'ottobre 1941 Zofia fu mandata a Bruxelles per conto di Mikhail Makarov, agente segreto del GRU sovietico.[7] Risiedette al 101 di Rue des Atrébates, a Etterbeek, Bruxelles, assieme a Rita Arnould.[7]

Arrestata dall'ufficiale dell'Abwehr Harry Piepe[8] nella notte tra il 12 e il 13 dicembre 1941,[1][9] si tolse la vita il 29 settembre 1942 impiccandosi nella sua cella alla prigione di Saint-Gilles, a Bruxelles, per evitare che la cifra che le era stata affidata non cadesse nelle mani dei tedeschi.[10][11] Tuttavia il suo sacrificio fu in gran parte vano, poiché Wilhelm Vauck, principale crittografo della Funkabwehr,[12] fu in grado di mettere insieme i vari indizi rinvenuti nella sua casa[13] usando il cosiddetto cifrario a sostituzione. La conquilina di Zofia, Rita Arnould, arrestata dall'Abwehr lo stesso giorno, identificò il codice cifrato nel libro Le miracle du Professeur Wolmar di Guy de Téramond, un romanzo del 1910.[14]

Nel 2003, la scrittrice israeliana Yehudit Kafri pubblicò un romanzo biografico sulla figura di Zofia Poznańska, intitolato Zosha: From the Jezreel Valley to the Red Orchestra,[2][15] poi pubblicato in Polonia nella traduzione inglese di Anne Hartstein Pace.[16] Kafri dedicò la traduzione inglese ad Anna Orgal, morta nell'attentato al bus di piazza Davidka nel 2003.[17]

Poznańska fu sepolta in una fossa comune di Saint-Gilles, a Bruxelles, dove nel 1985 è stata eretta una lapide recante l'iscrizione Resistante con il suo nome. Nel 1983 le venne intitolato in Israele un boschetto nella foresta di Eshtaol e le venne assegnata una medaglia postuma per i combattenti contro i nazisti.[2]

Note

  1. ^ a b Shareen Blair Brysac, Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra, 12 ottobre 2000, ISBN 9780195351026.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Esther Raizen, Cementing Strategies in Yehudit Kafri's "Zosha: From the Jezreel Valley to the Red Orchestra", vol. 59, Austin, Università del Texas, Hebrew Studies, 2018, pp. 335–358, DOI:10.1353/hbr.2018.0017, JSTOR 26557801.
  3. ^ a b Neri Livneh, A Woman Called Zosha, Amos Schocken, M. DuMont Schauberg, 23 aprile 2003.Livneh, Neri (23 aprile 2003). "A Woman Called Zosha". Amos Schocken, M. DuMont Schauberg. Haaretz
  4. ^ Poznańska Zofia, Virtual Sztetl
  5. ^ a b Yehudit Kafri, Zosha: From the Jezreel Valley to the Red Orchestra
  6. ^ Benjamin Ginsberg, How the Jews Defeated Hitler: Exploding the Myth of Jewish Passivity in the Face of Nazism, 4 aprile 2013, ISBN 9781442222397.
  7. ^ a b Kesaris (a cura di), The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945., Washington DC, University Publications of America, 1979, pp. 330–331, ISBN 978-0-89093-203-2.
  8. ^ (EN) Gilles Perrault, The Red Orchestra, New York, Schocken Books, 1969, pp. 86–90, ISBN 0805209522.
  9. ^ (DE) Dan Diner, Enzyklopädie jüdischer Geschichte und Kultur: Band 5: Pr-Sy, Springer-Verlag, 12 gennaio 2017, p. 265, ISBN 978-3-476-01220-3.
  10. ^ ; Stephen Tyas, SS-Major Horst Kopkow: From the Gestapo to British Intelligence, 25 giugno 2017.
  11. ^ (EN) David J. Dallin, Soviet Espionage, Yale University Press, 1955, pp. 171, ISBN 9780598413499.
  12. ^ Nigel West, Historical Dictionary of World War II Intelligence, Scarecrow Press, 12 novembre 2007, p. 205, ISBN 978-0-8108-6421-4.
  13. ^ Shareen Blair Brysac, Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra, Oxford University Press, 23 maggio 2002, p. 314, ISBN 978-0-19-992388-5.
  14. ^ Shareen Blair Brysac, Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra, Oxford University Press, 23 maggio 2002, p. 315, ISBN 978-0-19-992388-5.
  15. ^ Catalogue record for "Zosha ... (2003)", su Worldcat.
  16. ^ Catalogue record for "Zosha ... (2009), su Worldcat.
  17. ^ Yehudit Kafri, Codename: Zosha : from the Jezreel Valley to the Red Orchestra, CreateSpace, 2014, p. iii, ISBN 9781503162365.

Bibliografia

  • Yehudit Kafri, Zosha: From the Jezreel Valley to the Red Orchestra, Gerusalemme, Keter, 2003, ISBN 9789650711795.
  • Yehudit Kafri, Zosha: from the Jezreel Valley to the Red Orchestra, traduzione di Anne Hartstein Pace, Toruń, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, 2009, ISBN 9788376113388.
Controllo di autoritàVIAF (EN63399260 · ISNI (EN0000 0000 3648 4909 · LCCN (ENn2004049174 · BNF (FRcb150239265 (data) · J9U (ENHE987007453017305171

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