Test di armi nucleari dell'Unione Sovietica

I test di armi nucleari dell'Unione Sovietica sono stati portati avanti tra il 1949 e il 1990 come parte della corsa agli armamenti nucleari.

Secondo i conteggi ufficiali, l'Unione Sovietica ha condotto un totale di 715 test nucleari, utilizzando un totale di 969 ordigni, inclusi 219 test atmosferici, subacquei e spaziali, e 124 test a scopo non militare.[1] La maggior parte dei test è stata condotta nel Sito di prova Meridionale a Semipalatinsk, in Kazakistan, e nel Sito di prova Settentrionale, nella Novaja Zemlja. Altri test ebbero luogo in diversi luoghi dell'Unione Sovietica, situati anche in paesi oggi indipendenti come il Kazakistan, l'Uzbekistan, l'Ucraina e il Turkmenistan.[2]

Elenco

Sommario delle serie di test nucleari dell'Unione Sovietica
Serie o anni Anni di svolgimento Numero di test[Note 1] Ordigni utilizzati Ordigni di potenza sconosciuta Test nucleari non militari Test non-PTBT [Note 2] Spettro di potenza (chilotoni) [Note 3] Potenza totale (chilotoni) [Note 4] Note
1949-1951 1949-1951 3 3 3 Da 22 a 42 102 Non ci sono stati test nel 1950.
1953 1953 5 5 5 Da 2 a 400 440
1954 1954 10 10 10 Da "bassa" a 62 122
1955 1955 7 7 7 Da 0 a 1.600 1.868
1956 1956 9 9 9 Da "bassa" a 900 1.976
1957 1957 16 16 16 Da "bassa" a 2.900 6.239
1958 1958 36 36 36 Da 0 a 2.900 16.252 In seguito a una moratoria concordata tra Unione Sovietica e Stati Uniti d'America, a cominciare dal 31 ottobre 1958 e per tutto il corso del 1959 e del 1960, non furono effettuati esperimenti nucleari.
1961 1961 57 57 56 Da "bassa" a 50.000 87.702 L'Unione Sovietica abrogò la moratoria il 1º settembre 1961. I test del 1961 videro il lancio della nomina più potente della storia, la Bomba Zar.
Progetto K 1961-62 5 5 5 Da 1 a 300 902
1962 1962 78 78 77 Da "bassa" a 24.200 140.662 Nel 1963 non fu condotto nessun test.
1964 1964 9 9 2 Da "bassa" a 47 167
1965 1965 14 15 6 2 Da "bassa" a 140 343
1966 1966 18 19 3 9 Da 1 a 700 1.954
1967 1967 17 23 6 5 Da "bassa" a 260 657
1968 1968 17 23 2 7 2 Da "bassa" a 165 585
1969 1969 19 24 9 9 Da 6 a 540 906
1970 1970 16 21 7 7 Da "bassa" a 2.200 2.625
1971 1971 23 29 6 8 1 Da "bassa" a 2.450 2.926
1972 1972 24 31 8 9 Da "bassa" a 1.120 1.646
1973 1973 17 22 5 6 Da "bassa" a 4.000 8.409
1974 1974 21 27 6 7 Da "bassa" a 2.300 3.750
1975 1975 19 35 17 4 Da "bassa" a 1.300 4.481
1976 1976 21 27 6 3 Da "bassa" a 130 629
1977 1977 24 36 13 7 Da "bassa" a 120 552
1978 1978 31 55 21 9 Da "bassa" a 180 1.290
1979 1979 31 52 17 9 Da "bassa" a 150 1.474
1980 1980 24 43 21 5 Da "bassa" a 200 847
1981 1981 21 37 16 5 Da "bassa" a 150 828
1982 1982 20 35 13 8 Da 2 a 880 1.539
1983 1983 27 39 14 10 Da 0 a 150 778
1984 1984 29 45 15 11 Da 1 a 150 1.330
1985 1985 10 19 10 2 Da 1 a 114 426 Nel 1986 non fu condotto nessun test.
1987 1987 24 40 16 6 Da 0 a 150 1.145
1988 1988 16 29 9 2 Da "bassa" a 150 905
1989 1989 7 11 4 Da 4 to 118 308
1990 1990 2 9 4 Da 0 a 70 70 L'Unione Sovietica annunciò la ratifica del Trattato sulla messa al bando totale degli esperimenti nucleari e terminò gli esperimenti il 24 ottobre 1990.
Totale Dal 29 agosto 1949 al 1º maggio 1990 727 981 248 156 229 0 a 50.000 296.837 La potenza totale è pari al 54,9% della potenza totale di tutti i test nucleari condotti nel mondo.
  1. ^ Sono inclusi tutti i test aventi il potenziale per generare un'esplosione da fissione o fusione nucleare, inclusi i test a salve, i test falliti e le bombe disarmate incidentalmente ma che erano programmate per essere utilizzate. Non sono invece inclusi i test idronucleari e quelli subcritici e i mancati scoppi di ordigni che sono poi stati successivamente fatti esplodere con successo.
  2. ^ Numero di test che sarebbero stati condotti in violazione del Trattato sulla messa al bando parziale degli esperimenti nucleari del 1963, vale a dire gli atmosferici, gli spaziali e i subacquei. Alcuni test non militari o "a uso pacifico" sulla terraferma che sarebbero stati condotti in violazione del suddetto trattato furono contestati e infine cancellati.
  3. ^ Il termine bassa "bassa" indica valori maggiori di 0 ma inferiori a 0,5 kt.
  4. ^ Alcune potenze sono descritte come "< 20 kt"; si considera quindi nel calcolare totale la metà del valore numerico, nell'esempio sopraccitato si aggiungerebbe quindi al totale un valore di 10 kt. Il valore "potenza sconosciuta" non aggiunge nulla al totale della potenza.

Note

  1. ^ V. N. Mikhailov, USSR Nuclear Weapons Tests and Peaceful Nuclear Explosions: 1949 through 1990, The Ministry of the Russian Federation for Atomic Energy, and Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, 1996. Incongruenze tra i sopraccitati conteggi ufficiali e la lista qui riportata sono dovute a undici test, tutti falliti, citati solo in alcune fonti e all'unica bomba lasciata nel suo alloggiamento quando i russi abbandonarono il sito di Semipalatinsk cedendolo al Kazakistan.
  2. ^ Xiaoping Yang, Robert North e Carl Romney, CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3), SMDC Monitoring Research, agosto 2000.

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

  • L.A. Andryushi, N.P. Voloshin, R.I. Ilkaev, A.M. Matushchenko, L.D. Ryabev, V.G. Strukov, A.K. Chernyshev e Yu.A. Yudin, Catalog of Worldwide Nuclear Testing, su iss-atom.ru, V.N. Mikhailov. URL consultato il 23 febbraio 2018 (archiviato dall'url originale il 19 dicembre 2013).
  • Robert Johnston, Johnston Archive of Nuclear Weapons, su johnstonsarchive.net. URL consultato il 23 febbraio 2018.

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