Sistema Norfolk

Schema esplicativo del ciclo di Norfolk

Il sistema Norfolk, o rotazione di Norfolk, o anche ciclo del Norfolk (in inglese Norfolk four-course system) è un metodo di rotazione delle colture quadriennale nato sul finire del XVII secolo (in età moderna) nell'omonima contea di Norfolk nel Inghilterra.

Funzionamento

Il sistema consiste in una rotazione quadriennale di quattro specifiche colture. Ogni anno su un campo viene coltivata una delle colture secondo uno specifico ordine (inizialmente frumento, poi rapa, dopo ancora orzo e infine trifoglio) e dopo che il ciclo di rotazione è concluso, al quinto anno esso ricomincia daccapo con la prima coltura[1].

Il sistema Norfolk quindi, a differenza del precedente sistema di rotazione triennale che prevedeva campi lasciati a maggese per un anno ogni due che venivano coltivati, sfrutta costantemente i campi coltivandoli ogni anno senza doverli lasciare a riposo.

Il trifoglio (4º anno) veniva coltivato per le sue grosse di quantità di azoto che rendono fertili il terreno per questo esso veniva semplicemente tagliato o lasciato al pascolo degli animali (per fertilizzare il suolo in vista della coltivazione dell'anno seguente a frumento)[2], mentre le rape (3º anno) per sfamare il bestiame in inverno[3]. Storicamente l'utilizzo del sistema Norfolk avvenne in concomitanza con l'allevamento di bestiame (in genere mucche e pecore) in quanto gli animali, dopo essere stati sfamati con un'alimentazione migliore permessa dalla coltivazione delle rape, producevano grosse quantità di letame (in un'epoca dove era scarso) che poi veniva riutilizzato a sua volta per fertilizzare i campi coltivati[4].

Colture utilizzate

Storia

Posizione dell'attuale contea di Norfolk

Il sistema Norfolk fu ideato verso la fine del XVII secolo nella contea di Norfolk, in Inghilterra, e nella metà del XVIII secolo era ormai largamente utilizzato in tale contea, ma fuori da essa si diffuse significativamente solo a partire dal 1800,[5] quando divenne particolarmente popolare in Inghilterra nei terreni appena recintati durante il fenomeno delle enclosures, così come nell'Europa continentale[6].

Note

  1. ^ Carlo Capra, Storia moderna 1492-1848, 265
  2. ^ (EN) Chad Hale, The Norfolk Four Course: Turnips and clovers in revolution, su Progressive Forage. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2022.
    «The clover and ryegrass were grazed or cut for feed in the fourth year»
  3. ^ (EN) Norfolk four-course system | agriculture | Britannica, su britannica.com. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2022.
    «The turnips were used for feeding cattle and sheep in the winter»
  4. ^ (EN) Norfolk four-course system | agriculture | Britannica, su britannica.com. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2022.
    «This new system was cumulative in effect, for the fodder crops eaten by the livestock produced large supplies of previously scarce animal manure, which in turn was richer because the animals were better fed. When the sheep grazed the fields, their waste fertilized the soil, promoting heavier cereal yields in following years»
  5. ^ Mark Oventon, Agricultural revolution in England : the transformation of the agrarian economy 1500-1850, 119
  6. ^ (EN) Norfolk four-course system | agriculture | Britannica, su britannica.com. URL consultato il 19 maggio 2022.
    «The system became fairly common on the newly enclosed farms by 1800, remaining almost standard practice on most British farms for the best part of the following century»

Bibliografia

Voci correlate

Collegamenti esterni

Read other articles:

Studebaker

StudebakerLogo Stato Stati Uniti Fondazione1852 a South Bend Fondata daHenry Studebaker Chiusura1966 Sede principaleSouth Bend Settorecarrozzeautoveicoliveicoli per minatori Slogan«First by far with a post-war car» Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale I fratelli Studebaker. Da sinistra a destra, e dall'alto in basso, Peter e Jacob, Clement, Henry e John M. Un manifesto della Studebaker del 1905 che pubblicizzava veicoli elettrici ed a benzina La Studebaker (ˈstuːdəˌbeɪkə...

 

Bruno Martins Indi

Bruno Mirza Indi Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Rolando Maximiliano Martins Indi[1]Tanggal lahir 8 Februari 1992 (umur 32)Tempat lahir Barreiro, PortugalTinggi 1,83 m (6 ft 0 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini Stoke City(pinjaman dari Porto)Nomor 15Karier junior Spartaan '20 FeyenoordKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2010–2014 Feyenoord 102 (5)2014– Porto 47 (2)2016– → Stoke City (pinjaman) 23 (1)Tim nasional‡2009 Belanda U-17 2 (0)2010–...

 

Kabupaten Karimun

Kabupaten KarimunKabupatenTranskripsi bahasa daerah • Abjad JawiكريمونKantor Bupati Karimun LambangPetaKabupaten KarimunPetaTampilkan peta SumatraKabupaten KarimunKabupaten Karimun (Indonesia)Tampilkan peta IndonesiaKoordinat: 0°48′28″N 103°25′09″E / 0.80764°N 103.41911°E / 0.80764; 103.41911Negara IndonesiaProvinsiKepulauan RiauDasar hukumUU Nomor 53 Tahun 1999Ibu kotaTanjung Balai KarimunJumlah satuan pemerintahan Daftar Kecama...

Danau Bennett

Danau BennettLetakBritish Columbia, YukonKoordinat60°03′16″N 134°52′45″W / 60.05444°N 134.87917°W / 60.05444; -134.87917Terletak di negaraKanada Danau Bennett adalah danau yang terletak di Provinsi British Columbia dan sebagian Yukon, keduanya terletak di Kanada barat laut. Danau ini terletak di sebelah utara perbatasan dengan negara bagian Alaska, Amerika Serikat, dekat pelabuhan Skagway di Alaska. Pranala luar http://www.arcticwebsite.com/BennettChMod.htm...

 

العلاقات البوروندية الغينية

العلاقات البوروندية الغينية بوروندي غينيا   بوروندي   غينيا تعديل مصدري - تعديل   العلاقات البوروندية الغينية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين بوروندي وغينيا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة ب�...

 

سفر الملوك الثاني

سفر الملوك الثانيمعلومات عامةجزء من أسفار الأنبياءالعهد القديم العنوان מְלָכִים (بالhbo) جزءٌ مِن سلسلة أسفار الأنبياء له طبعات أو ترجمات في Li quatre livre des reis (en) لغة العمل أو لغة الاسم العبرانية الشخصيات أخياإيلياأليشع لديه جزء أو أجزاء سفر الملوك الأولسفر الملوك الثاني سفر ص�...

Inaba Masakuni

Inaba Masakuni est un nom japonais traditionnel ; le nom de famille (ou le nom d'école), Inaba, précède donc le prénom (ou le nom d'artiste). Inaba MasakuniInaba MasakuniFonctionRōjūTitre de noblesseVicomteBiographieNaissance 2 juillet 1834 ou 26 juillet 1834EdoDécès 15 juillet 1898Nom dans la langue maternelle 稲葉正邦Nationalité japonaiseActivité Samouraïmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Inaba Masakuni (稲葉 正邦?, 26 juillet 1834-15 juillet 1898) est ...

 

Déols

Déols L'hôtel de ville en 2009. Blason Logo Administration Pays France Région Centre-Val de Loire Département Indre Arrondissement Châteauroux Intercommunalité Châteauroux Métropole Maire Mandat Delphine Geneste 2021-2026 Code postal 36130 Code commune 36063 Démographie Gentilé Déolois Populationmunicipale 7 625 hab. (2021 ) Densité 240 hab./km2 Population agglomération 85 674 hab. (2010) Géographie Coordonnées 46° 49′ 51″ nord, 1°...

 

Super 35

Motion picture film format This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Super 35 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Comparing the film area of Super 35 (framed for 2.39) to CinemaScope, standard widescreen and Techniscope. Super...

The Moslem Bharat

Literary journal in India (1920) The Muslim Bharat (Bengali: মোসলেম ভারত) was a historic literary journal that published from Kolkata in the early 20th century. It published works by notable Bengali authors and poets; such as Abanindranath Tagore, Kalidas Roy, Kaikobad, Qazi Imdadul Haq, Kazi Abdul Wadud, Kumud Ranjan Mullick, Mohitlal Majumdar, Mohammad Barkatullah, Satyendranath Dutta, Sheikh Fazlul Karim, and Syed Emdad Ali.[1][2][3] History The...

 

Future Imagery Architecture

American spy satellite program USA-215, believed to be the first operational payload resulting from the FIA program, crosses Cassiopeia Future Imagery Architecture (FIA) was a program awarded to Boeing to design a new generation of optical and radar imaging US reconnaissance satellites for the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). In 2005 NRO director Donald Kerr recommended the project's termination, and the optical component of the program was finally cancelled in September 2005 by Director...

 

Lambang Montenegro

Lambang Montenegro Lambang Montenegro (Montenegrin: Грб Црне Горе / Grb Crne Gore) secara resmi diadopsi pada 12 Juli 2004 oleh parlemen Montenegro. Lambang ini juga muncul pada bendera nasional. Lambang ini baru diatur oleh konstitusi pada 2 Oktober 2007. Lambang ini menampilkan elang berkepala dua khas Bizantium yang melambangkan persatuan antara gereja dan negara. Lambang yang menampilkan elang berkepala dua digunakan oleh Kepangeranan Zeta di bawah Wangsa Crnojević pada abad k...

Западный округ (Краснодар)

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Западный округ. Западный внутригородской округ город Краснодар Дата основания 1936 год Дата упразднения 1994 Прежние имена Кагановичский, Ленинский районы Микрорайоны Дубинка, Черёмушки, Покровка Площадь 22[1]  км² Насе...

 

Blood Tea and Red String

2006 American filmBlood Tea and Red StringDVD coverDirected byChristiane CegavskeWritten byChristiane CegavskeMusic byMark GrowdenRelease date February 2, 2006 (2006-02-02) Running time71 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Blood Tea and Red String is a 2006 American stop-motion-animated film, called by director Christiane Cegavske a fairy tale for adults. It was released on February 2, 2006 after a production time of 13 years, having been filmed in various places in the...

 

哈萨克斯坦总统

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言，清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日（哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統） 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

العراق في 1945

← 1944 1943 1942 1945 في العراق → 1946 1947 1948 عقود: طالع أيضاً:أحداث أخرى في سنة 1945قائمة السنوات في العراق فيما يلي قوائم الأحداث التي وقعت خلال عام 1945 في العراق. سياسة في المنصب ملك العراق فيصل الثاني.[1] رئيس الوزراء مزاحم الباجه جي.[2] رئيس مجلس الأعيان نوري السعيد.[3] رئيس �...

 

Jonathan Harris

American character actor (1914–2002) For other people with the same name, see Jonathan Harris (disambiguation). Jonathan HarrisHarris, c. 1967BornJonathan Daniel Charasuchin(1914-11-06)November 6, 1914New York, New York, U.S.DiedNovember 3, 2002(2002-11-03) (aged 87)Los Angeles, California, U.S.Resting placeWestwood Village Memorial Park CemeteryOccupationActorYears active1938–2002Spouse Gertrude Bregman ​(m. 1938)​Children1 Jonathan Harris (b...

 

2015 NFL draft

80th annual meeting of National Football League franchises to select newly eligible players 2015 NFL draftGeneral informationDate(s)April 30 – May 2LocationAuditorium Theatrein Chicago, Illinois, U.S.Network(s)ESPN, ESPN2, NFL NetworkOverview256 total selections in 7 roundsLeagueNFLFirst selectionJameis Winston, QBTampa Bay BuccaneersMr. IrrelevantGerald Christian, TEArizona CardinalsMost selections (12)Cleveland BrownsFewest selections (5)Carolina PanthersSan Diego Chargers&...

NGC 4075

NGC 4075   الكوكبة العذراء[1]  رمز الفهرس NGC 4075 (الفهرس العام الجديد)MCG+00-31-032 (فهرس المجرات الموروفولوجي)PGC 38216 (فهرس المجرات الرئيسية)2MASX J12043780+0204216 (Two Micron All-Sky Survey, Extended source catalogue)2dFGRS TGN383Z225 (مسح الانزياح المجري نحو الأحمر للمجال ذي الدرجتين)Z 13-64 (فهرس المجرات وعناقيد المجرا�...

 

Joost Posthuma

Joost Posthuma Datos personalesNacimiento Hengelo (Países Bajos)8 de marzo de 1981 (43 años)Carrera deportivaRepresentante de Países Bajos Países BajosDeporte CiclismoDisciplina RutaEstado RetiradoTrayectoria Equipos profesionales 2004-20102011-2012 RabobankLeopard/Radioshack Página web oficial[editar datos en Wikidata] Joost Posthuma (Hengelo, 8 de marzo de 1981) es un exciclista neerlandés que fue profesional entre los años 2004 y 2012. Consiguió 11 victorias dur...