Scacchi vinciperdi

P. H. Törngren
Tidskrift för Schack, 1929
abcdefgh
8
a6 pedone del nero
h2 pedone del bianco
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Il Bianco muove e vince  (1 + 1)

Soluzione:
1. h3!  a5  2. h4  a4  3. h5  a3
4. h6  a2  5. h7  a1=T!   6. h8=A!  T muove

7. Aa1  Txa1  e il Bianco vince

Gli scacchi vinciperdi (conosciuti anche come antichess o antiscacchi) sono una variante degli scacchi in cui la partita è vinta dal giocatore che rimane senza pezzi, oppure che si trova in stallo. È una delle varianti più popolari degli scacchi eterodossi.

Non è nota l'origine di questo gioco, ma nell'Ottocento erano giocate due varianti: "Take Me" (codificata da Walter Campbell nel 1874; tra le regole quella che il giocatore che ha un pezzo in presa in più modi può scegliere da quale pezzo sarà catturato) e "Codrus" (pubblicata nel 1844 dal Brede Almanach: vince il giocatore il cui re è stato catturato).

Regole

Sono indicate le regole della versione più diffusa, altre versioni si differenziano per l'interpretazione dello stallo.

La posizione iniziale, il movimento dei pezzi e le regole di cattura sono come negli scacchi classici, con alcune importanti differenze:

  • la cattura è obbligatoria ogniqualvolta può essere fatta;
  • quando sono possibili più catture, il giocatore può scegliere quale eseguire;
  • Il Re non ha alcuna prerogativa "reale", per cui:
    • può essere catturato come ogni altro pezzo;
    • non esiste lo scacco al re e neppure lo scaccomatto;
    • non è possibile l'arrocco
  • oltre alle normali opzioni di promozione, un pedone che raggiunge l'ultima traversa può essere promosso a Re.
  • se un giocatore non ha mosse legali, cioè è in stallo, ha vinto la partita.

La vittoria si ottiene in due casi: quando tutti i propri pezzi sono stati catturati, oppure quando, avendo il tratto, si è in posizione di stallo. La patta è prevista in vari casi: per ripetizione di mosse (vale la regola delle 50 mosse), per mutuo accordo dei giocatori e quando la vittoria è impossibile (es. quando rimangono sulla scacchiera solo l'alfiere delle case bianche e quello delle case nere).

Aperture

È dimostrato che alcune mosse di apertura, usuali negli scacchi classici, sono del tutto sconsigliate, in quanto sicuramente perdenti se l'avversario gioca correttamente: tra queste vi sono in particolare:

  • 1. e4, 1. d4 e 1. d3 - per queste mosse esiste una sequenza forzata con la quale il nero si fa catturare tutti i pezzi in 17 mosse, vincendo la partita. Vi sono diverse sequenze, una delle quali è stata indicata da David Bronstein.[1]

Sono perdenti anche le mosse 1. Cf3, 1. Cc3, 1. f4, 1. h4, 1. b4 e 1. h3, ma in questi casi la sequenza del nero che porta alla vittoria è più complicata. La mossa più giocata in apertura è 1. e3, ma anche 1. b3 e 1. g3 sono giocabili.

Note

  1. ^ Soluzioni di David Bronstein nel libro Popular Chess Variants (2000), pp. 33–34:
    • 1. d4? e5 2. dxe5 Dg5 3. Dxd7 Axd7 4. Axg5 Rd8 5. Axd8 a6 6. Axc7 Ta7 7. Axb8 b6 8. Axa7 a5 9. Axb6 g6 10. Axa5 Ab4 11. Axb4 Ce7 12. Axe7 Tf8 13. Axf8 h6 14. Axh6 g5 15. Axg5 f6 16. Axf6 Ah3 17. Cxh3 (0–1)
    • 1. d3? g5 2. Axg5 Ag7 3. Axe7 Axb2 4. Axd8 Axa1 5. Axc7 Ac3 6. Axb8 Txb8 7. Cxc3 d5 8. Cxd5 Cf6 9. Cxf6 Tg8 10. Cxe8 Txg2 11. Axg2 f6 12. Axb7 Txb7 13. Cxf6 Tb8 14. Cxh7 Tb1 15. Dxb1 Ab7 16. Dxb7 a6 17. Dxa6 (0–1)
    • 1. e4? b5 2. Axb5 Cf6 3. Axd7 Cxe4  il Bianco perde con entrambe le catture:
      • (a)  4. Axe8 Dxd2 5. Dxd2 Cxd2 6. Rxd2 Tg8 7. Axf7 c5 8. Axg8 g6 9. Axh7 e5 10. Axg6 e4 11. Axe4 Cc6 12. Axc6 Ab7 13. Axb7 Tc8 14. Axc8 a6 15. Axa6 c4 16. Axc4 Aa3 17. Cxa3 (0-1)
      • (b)  4. Axc8 Cxd2 5. Axd2 Dxd2 6. Dxd2 Ca6 7. Axa6 Tc8 8. Axc8 f5 9. Axf5 Tg8 10. Axh7 c5 11. Axg8 e6 12. Axe6 c4 13. Axc4 a6 14. Axa6 g5 15. Dxg5 Rd8 16. Dxd8 Ae7 17. Dxe7 (0–1)

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