Raffreddamento radiativo

Intensità della radiazione termica a onde lunghe della Terra, proveniente dalle nuvole, dall'atmosfera e dalla superficie

Nello studio del trasferimento di calore, il raffreddamento radiativo[1][2] è il processo mediante il quale un corpo cede calore per radiazione termica. Come descrive la legge di Planck, ogni corpo fisico emette spontaneamente e continuamente radiazioni elettromagnetiche.

Il raffreddamento radiativo è stato applicato in vari contesti nel corso della storia umana, tra cui la produzione di ghiaccio in India e Iran[3], gli scudi termici per veicoli spaziali[4], l'architettura e l'edilizia[5].

Raffreddamento radiativo terrestre

Meccanismo

La radiazione infrarossa può passare attraverso l'aria secca e limpida in un intervallo di lunghezza d'onda compreso fra 8 e 13 µm. I materiali che possono assorbire energia e irradiarla a tali lunghezze d'onda mostrano un forte effetto di raffreddamento. Materiali che possono riflettere anche il 95% o più della luce solare nell'intervallo fra 200 nanometri a 2,5 µm possono produrre un raffreddamento anche in presenza di luce solare diretta.[6]

Raffreddamento superficiale notturno

Il raffreddamento radiativo è comunemente sperimentato nelle notti senza nuvole, quando il calore viene irradiato nello spazio dalla superficie terrestre.

Note

  1. ^ Shanhui Fan e Wei Li, Photonics and thermodynamics concepts in radiative cooling, in Nature Photonics, vol. 16, n. 3, marzo 2022, pp. 182–190, Bibcode:2022NaPho..16..182F, DOI:10.1038/s41566-021-00921-9.
  2. ^ Wei Li e Shanhui Fan, Radiative Cooling: Harvesting the Coldness of the Universe, in Optics and Photonics News, vol. 30, n. 11, 1º novembre 2019, pp. 32, Bibcode:2019OptPN..30...32L, DOI:10.1364/OPN.30.11.000032.
  3. ^ The Persian ice house, or how to make ice in the desert, su Field Study of the World, 4 aprile 2016. URL consultato il 28 aprile 2019.
  4. ^ Gaofeng Shao, Improved oxidation resistance of high emissivity coatings on fibrous ceramic for reusable space systems, in Corrosion Science, vol. 146, 2019, pp. 233–246, DOI:10.1016/j.corsci.2018.11.006, arXiv:1902.03943.
  5. ^ Md Muntasir Hossain e Min Gu, Radiative cooling: Principles, progress and potentials, in Advanced Science, vol. 3, n. 7, 4 febbraio 2016, pp. 1500360, DOI:10.1002/advs.201500360, PMC 5067572, PMID 27812478.
  6. ^ XiaoZhi Lim, The super-cool materials that send heat to space, in Nature, vol. 577, n. 7788, 31 dicembre 2019, pp. 18–20, DOI:10.1038/d41586-019-03911-8, PMID 31892746.

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