Quiriti

Quiriti (in latino Quirites) era un termine endoetnonimo che i Romani utilizzavano per designarsi[1][2][3] in qualità di cittadini di pieno diritto dell'Urbe.

Etimologia

Secondo una tradizione antica, il termine sarebbe una corruzione di Curites (cioè abitante dell'antica città di Cures[2], patria del secondo re di Roma Numa Pompilio), che indicava una tribù dei Curiti Sabini originariamente stanziata sul Quirinale e devota al dio Quirino[1].

All'origine della città, i Curiti, dopo essersi scontrati coi Latini di Romolo (il leggendario episodio del Ratto delle sabine), vi si fusero divenendo un solo popolo e condividendo coi latini il governo della nascente Roma, tanto che il loro re Tito Tazio regnò assieme a Romolo: da questa unione derivò ai Romani l'appellativo di "Quiriti"[1]. Per estensione, nel tempo, l'uso del termine Quiriti passò quindi ad indicare tutti i Romani nella loro condizione di cittadini liberi e dunque parte dello Stato.

Secondo Plutarco, invece, il termine Quiriti deriverebbe dal termine sabino che indica la spada o la lancia (curis)[4].

Riallacciandosi dunque all'etimologia plutarchea, lo storico e filologo classico tedesco Theodor Mommsen, polemizzando con quanti ritenevano che il termine derivasse da quello dei primi abitatori del Quirinale, ne sosteneva perciò la derivazione da Quiris-itis o quirinus, ovvero portatore di lancia, utilizzato per indicare il cittadino-soldato, che come individuo, contrapposto al Populus, aveva il diritto di partecipare alle assemblee cittadine, le curie per l'appunto[5]. Accogliendo questa ipotesi, SPQR andrebbe letto quindi come Senatus Populusque Quiritium Romanus[6].

Per un'altra interpretazione, con Quirites si indicherebbero invece i membri delle Curie[7].

Note

  1. ^ a b c Tito Livio, Ab Urbe condita libri, I, 13.
  2. ^ a b Plutarco, Vita di Romolo, 19, 9.
  3. ^ Sallustio, "Bellum Iugurthinum" 85, 1-9; 13-17; 29-43.
  4. ^ Plutarco, Vita di Romolo, 29, 1.
  5. ^ Theodor Mommsen, Storia di Roma, Vol. I, Cap. V.
  6. ^ Quiriti, su treccani.it. URL consultato il 26 febbraio 2018.
  7. ^ (EN) Robert E.A. Palmer, The Archaic Community of the Romans, su Books.Google.it, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2 ottobre 1970, p. 328. URL consultato il 30 agosto 2018.

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