Processo alfa

Il processo alfa è una delle due classi di reazioni di fusione nucleare tramite le quali le stelle convertono l'elio in elementi più pesanti (l'altro è il processo tre alfa).[1]

Le reazioni

Mentre il processo tre alfa richiede unicamente elio, la reazione alfa può avvenire solo quando nella stella si è già prodotto del carbonio, a partire dal quale possono essere sintetizzati elementi più pesanti, come esemplificato dalle reazioni seguenti:

, Q = 7,16 МeV
, Q = 4,73 МeV
, Q = 9,31 МeV
, Q = 9,98 МeV
, Q = 6,95 МeV

Tutte queste reazioni avvengono con frequenza molto bassa e quindi non contribuiscono in maniera significativa alla produzione di energia della stella; le reazioni che potrebbero produrre elementi più pesanti del neon (numero atomico > 20) avvengono con frequenza ancora più bassa, a causa dell'aumento della forza di repulsione elettrostatica.

Elementi da processo alfa

Vengono definiti "elementi da processo alfa" (o "elementi alfa") quelli i cui isotopi più abbondanti hanno una massa atomica che è multiplo intero di quattro, la massa del nucleo dell'elio, detto anche particella α. Gli elementi alfa con numero atomico ≤ 22 sono: C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca e Ti. Vengono sintetizzati attraverso la cattura alfa prima che si inneschi il processo di fusione del silicio, un precursore di supernova di tipo II. Il calcio e il silicio risultano unicamente da processo alfa, mentre il magnesio può originarsi anche da cattura protonica. L'ossigeno è un elemento alfa nelle stelle a bassa metallicità di popolazione II. Viene prodotto anche nelle supernove di tipo II e il suo accrescimento è ben correlato con l'aumento di altri elementi risultanti da processo alfa. Il carbonio e l'azoto vengono a volte inclusi tra gli elementi alfa in quanto sono sintetizzati nelle reazioni di cattura alfa.

Note

  1. ^ Jayant V Narlikar, From Black Clouds to Black Holes, World Scientific, 1995, ISBN 981-02-2033-2.

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