Poeta laureato

Incoronazione poetica di Enea Silvio Piccolomini da parte dell'imperatore Federico III, affresco del Pinturicchio nella Libreria Piccolomini

Il poeta laureato è un poeta ufficialmente premiato da un sovrano o da un governo con l'alloro poetico e investito del compito di comporre poemi in occasione di eventi ufficiali oppure opere celebrative di personaggi di governo.

Storia

L'alloro poetico è la maggiore onorificenza in ambito poetico e letterario nata durante il Medioevo. Il suo nome deriva dalla mitologia greca e ricorda la ninfa Dafne che per sfuggire al corteggiamento di Apollo si tramutò in alloro; da quel momento in poi questa pianta fu sacra al dio che, tra l'altro, era anche protettore della poesia.

Albertino Mussato e Francesco Petrarca furono i primi ad essere incoronati poeti dopo l'antichità[1]. In Inghilterra l'espressione risale alla nomina di Bernard André da parte di Enrico VIII, ma la carica di corte di "Poet Laureate" risale alla nomina di John Dryden nel 1668.

Durante il Medioevo e il Rinascimento, fino alla Riforma, l'alloro poetico era assegnato soltanto a chi scrivesse poesie in latino. I poeti di corte in lingua volgare ricevevano altri titoli. Lo stesso Petrarca ottenne l'incoronazione poetica per il poema latino Africa e non per il Canzoniere in italiano.

Oggi la carica esiste in molti Stati tra i quali il Regno Unito, il Canada, gli Stati Uniti, la Repubblica d'Irlanda. Nel Regno Unito la carica di poet laureate, ovvero di poeta ufficiale del sovrano, esiste sin dai tempi di Carlo II, e sia la Scozia sia il Galles sia l'Inghilterra hanno un poeta laureato; negli Stati Uniti esistono più cariche di poet laureate, in diversi paesi dell'unione, a livello nazionale e municipale.

In Italia si è svolta, in rarissime occasioni, la cerimonia di incoronazione poetica.

Poeti laureati in Italia

Ritratto di Petrarca con la corona d'alloro, sanguigna di Jacques Le Boucq.

Poeti laureati nel Sacro Romano Impero

Tommaso Inghirami ritratto da Raffaello, Firenze, Galleria Palatina
Zanobi da Strada incoronato d'alloro

Poeti laureati d'Inghilterra

La carica si sviluppò a partire dall'uso medievale di tenere menestrelli e poeti a corte. Riccardo Cuor di Leone aveva un versificator regis (poeta del re) che si chianava Gulielmus Peregrinus (Guglielmo il pellegrino), ed Enrico III aveva un versificator chiamato "Master Henry". Nel Quattrocento il poeta John Kay si definiva "humble poet laureate" (l'umile poeta laureato) di Edoardo IV. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400) fu chiamato poeta laureato, in quanto nel 1389 gli era stata concessa una fornitura annuale di vino.

W. Hamilton definisce Chaucer, Gower, Kay, Andrew Bernard, John Skelton, Robert Whittington, Richard Edwards e Samuel Daniel dei "Laureati volontari". Bernard André (1450–1522), autore del Vita regis Henrici Septimi parlò di sé come poet laureate durante il regno di Enrico VII. John Skelton studiò a Oxford nei primi anni 1480 e fu promosso "poeta laureato" nel 1488, quando entrò alla corte di Enrico VII come tutore del futuro Enrico VIII. Il titolo accademico di laureato iniziò ad essere nuovamente associato alla monarchia quando re Giacomo I concesse una pensione a Ben Jonson nel 1617, benché non ne rimanga documentazione.

La carica di corte di Poeta Laureato venne ufficialmente istituita quando venne conferita con lettere patenti a John Dryden nel 1668 e la posizione divenne fissa. Il poeta laureato divenne responsabile della composizione e della presentazione di poesie ufficiali in occasioni private, come i genetliaci dei sovrani, le nascite e i matrimoni reali, nonché nelle celebrazioni ufficiali, come le incoronazioni e le vittorie militari. Fino al fine del XX secolo, il poeta laureato tenne il titolo a vita; attualmente, ha un nomina decennale.

Poeti laureati come titolo onorifico

Poeti laureati come carica di corte

Negli Stati Uniti D'America

Poeti laureati degli Stati Uniti

Titolo conferito dalla Library of Congress.

Poeti laureati della California

Posizione creata nel 2001 dal governatore Gray Davis; in precedenza il titolo non era ufficiale e la carica era ricoperta a vita[4].

Poeti laureati di San Francisco

Note

  1. ^ Robert Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity, Oxford, 1973;Ernest Hatch Wilkins, The Making of the Canzoniere and Other Petrarchan Studies 1951:9-69, noted in Weiss 1973:32.
  2. ^ Voce Zanobi da Strada sul "Dizionario Biografico Treccani"
  3. ^ Voce Hutten, Ulrich von nella Enciclopedia Treccani
  4. ^ About the position, su capoetlaureate.org. URL consultato il 13 maggio 2024.

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