Il past simple (in italiano passato semplice) è un tempo verbale della lingua inglese.
Si usa per descrivere un'azione, una situazione o un evento concluso in maniera definitiva e permanente, sia che essa sia avvenuta in un passato recente che distante.
Indica quand' è avvenuta l'azione.
Spesso il tempo è indicato da espressioni come:
Two years ago, last week, yesterday...
Past simple del verbo essere
Per il verbo to be ci sono due forme di past simple (was e were).
La forma affermativa del verbo to be si forma con il soggetto seguito dal verbo al passato:
I was
You were
He/she/it was
We were
You were
They were
La forma negativa del verbo to be si forma con il verbo al passato seguito dalla negazione not:
I was not/ wasn't
You were not/ weren' t
He/she/it was not/wasn' t
We were not/ weren' t
You were not/ weren' t
" They were not/ weren' t"
La forma interrogativa del verbo to be si forma anteponendo il verbo al soggetto:
Was I?
Were you?
Was he/she/it?
Were we?
Were you?
Were they?
Risposte brevi
Per le risposte brevi, in inglese non è sufficiente rispondere con un semplice "sì" o "no" come si fa in italiano. Bisogna aggiungere il verbo essere declinato correttamente:
Yes, I was - No, I wasn't
Yes, you were - No, you weren't
Yes, he/she/it was - No, he/she/it wasn't
Yes, we were - No, we weren't
Yes, you were - No, you weren't
Yes, they were - No, they weren't
Per formare la forma affermativa del past simple dei verbi regolari, si aggiunge la desinenza -ed alla forma base del verbo (che si ottiene prendendo l'infinito del verbo e togliendo il to che vi è anteposto). Non varia in base alla persona. Prendendo, ad esempio, il verbo to work, si avrà quindi:
I worked
You worked
He/She/It worked
We worked
You worked
They worked
Variazioni ortografiche
La regola base di formazione del past simple è che bisogna aggiungere la desinenza -ed alla forma base del verbo. Ci sono tuttavia delle variazioni ortografiche; quando la forma base del verbo termina in:
- -e → si aggiunge soltanto la "d"
- hope/hoped
- situate/situated
- change/changed
- die/died
- consonante preceduta da una sola vocale → si raddoppia la consonante e si aggiunge ed
- stop/stopped
- travel/travelled
- -y preceduta da una consonante → la "y" si toglie e si aggiunge ied
- study/studied
- marry/married
Per la forma negativa del past simple, bisognerà aggiungere il verbo to do (declinato al past simple) seguito da not dopo il soggetto e prima del verbo principale posto nella sua forma base.
I did not work - I didn't work
You did not work - You didn't work
He/She/It did not work - He/She/It didn't work
We did not work - We didn't work
You did not work - You didn't work
They did not work - They didn't work
La forma interrogativa del past simple si forma ponendo did all'inizio della frase, seguito dal soggetto e infine dal verbo nella sua forma base:
Did I work?
Did you work?
Did he/she/it work?
Did we work?
Did you work?
Did they work?
Risposte brevi
Per formare le risposte brevi, in inglese bisognerà far seguire l'ausiliare did al "si" o al "no":
Yes, I did - No, I didn't
Yes, you did - No, you didn't
Yes, he/she/it did - No, he/she/it didn't
Yes, we did - No, we didn't
Yes, you did - No, you didn't
Yes, they did - No, they didn't
In inglese esistono i verbi irregolari che, al past simple, hanno una forma separata e non deducibile dalla regola generale.
- to be → was
- to become → became
- to begin → began
- to blow → blew
- to bring → brought
- to build → built
- to burn → burned/burnt
- to buy → bought
- to can → could
- to catch → caught
- to come → came
- to cost → cost
- to do → did
- to draw → drew
- to dream → dreamed/dreamt
- to drink → drank
- to drive → drove
- to eat → ate
- to feel → felt
- to find → found
- to fly → flew
- to forget → forgot
- to get → got
- to give → gave
- to go → went
- to grow → grew
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- to have → had
- to hear → heard
- to hide → hid
- to hit → hit
- to hold → held
- to hurt → hurt
- to keep → kept
- to know → knew
- to learn → learned/learnt
- to leave → left
- to lend → lent
- to let → let
- to lose → lost
- to make → made
- to mean → meant
- to meet → met
- to pay → paid
- to put → put
- to read → read
- to ride → rode
- to run → ran
- to say → said
- to see → saw
- to seek → sought
- to sell → sold
- to send → sent
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- to set → set
- to shine → shone
- to show → showed
- to shut → shut
- to sing → sang
- to sit → sat
- to sleep → slept
- to smell → smelled/smelt
- to speak → spoke
- to spend → spent
- to steal → stole
- to sting → stung
- to strike → struck
- to swim → swam
- to take → took
- to teach → taught
- to tell → told
- to think → thought
- to understand → understood
- to wake → woke
- to wear → wore
- to win → won
- to wind → wound
- to write → wrote
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