Parassitosi delirante

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Parassitosi delirante
Specialitàpsichiatria, dermatologia, infettivologia e parassitologia
Classificazione e risorse esterne (EN)
MeSHD063726
eMedicine1121818
Sinonimi
Sindrome di Ekbom
Infestazione delirante
Parassitosi allucinatoria

La parassitosi delirante, nota anche come parassitosi allucinatoria[1] o infestazione delirante[2] o sindrome di Ekbom[3][4], è un disturbo delirante in cui gli individui credono erroneamente di essere infestati da parassiti o insetti, mentre in realtà non è presente alcuna infestazione[5]. Gli individui con parassitosi delirante solitamente riferiscono allucinazioni tattili note come formicazione, una sensazione simile a insetti che strisciano sopra o sotto la pelle. Questa convinzione delirante è relativamente frequente nei casi di abuso di sostanze stupefacenti, in particolare cocaina[6][7] e metanfetamina[8], o come effetto collaterale di alcuni psicofarmaci[9].

Diversa dalla microzoopsia che è una allucinazione visiva che si osserva nella sindrome da astinenza acuta alcolica, quando è presente il delirium tremens, consistente nella visione di piccoli animali (insetti, ragni, serpenti, topi) che si muovono attorno al soggetto.

Spesso la persona colpita da questa sindrome si colpisce e si gratta per eliminare il prurito e gli "insetti", provocandosi irritazioni cutanee, vesciche da sfregamento, bolle e ferite sanguinanti. Queste lesioni vengono poi talvolta esibite come "prove" della reale presenza di parassiti. Peli e capelli col relativo follicolo strappati dallo sfregamento possono essere incorporati nelle ferite e scambiati per insetti (il follicolo con la ghiandola sebacea può assomigliare ad un verme), analogamente a quanto può accadere con fibre di vestiti, staccatesi anch'esse a causa dello sfregamento. Le parti di fibre sfilacciate possono apparire come "zampe" o "antenne", rafforzando l'allucinazione sugli insetti[10][11].

La parassitosi delirante è l'interpretazione più comune del cosiddetto morbo di Morgellons, patologia dalla dubbia esistenza reale[12][13]. È spesso associata alla sindrome di Wittmaack-Ekbom (o Restless legs syndrome).

Terapia

Il trattamento della parassitosi delirante prevede psicoterapia associata con farmaci antipsicotici quali il Pimozide. A questi trattamenti è necessario associare una terapia dermatologica per evitare il peggioramento delle lesioni che il paziente si provoca[14].

Note

  1. ^ Goldman-Cecil Medicina Interna, Lee Goldman, Andrew Schafer, EDRA, ISBN 8821441857
  2. ^ Freudenmann, R. W. & Lepping, P., Delusional Infestation, in Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol. 22, n. 4, 2009, pp. 690–732, DOI:10.1128/CMR.00018-09, PMC 2772366, PMID 19822895.
  3. ^ Rapini, R. P., Bolognia, J. L. & Jorizzo, J. L., Dermatology: 2-Volume Set, St. Louis, Mosby, 2007, ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
  4. ^ Hinkle, N.C., Ekbom Syndrome: a delusional condition of "bugs in the skin", in Curr Psychiatry Rep, vol. 13, n. 3, 2011, pp. 178–86, DOI:10.1007/s11920-011-0188-0, PMID 21344286.
  5. ^ Webb, J.P., Jr., Case histories of individuals with delusions of parasitosis in southern California and a proposed protocol for initiating effective medical assistance, in Bulletin of the Society of Vector Ecologists, vol. 18, n. 1, 1993, pp. 16–24.
  6. ^ Siegel RK, Cocaine hallucinations, in The American Journal Psychiatry, vol. 135, n. 3, marzo 1978, pp. 309-14, PMID 626219.
  7. ^ Elpern DJ., Cocaine abuse and delusions of parasitosis, in Cutaneuos medicine for the practitioner, vol. 42, n. 4, ottobre 1988, pp. 273-4, PMID 3234026.
  8. ^ Ellinwood, E. H. Jr, Amphetamine psychosis: a multi-dimensional process, in Sem. Psychiatry, l, 1969, pp. 208-226.
  9. ^ Aizenberg D., Schwartz B., Zemishlany Z., Delusional parasitosis associated with phenelzine, in The British Journal of Psychiatry, vol. 159, novembre 1991, pp. 716-7, PMID 1756352.
  10. ^ Nancy C. Hinkle, Delusory Parasitosis (PDF), in American Entomologist, vol. 46, n. 1, gennaio 2000, pp. 17-25 (archiviato dall'url originale il 24 ottobre 2012).
  11. ^ Freudenmann R.W., Lepping P., Delusional infestation, in Clinical Microbiology reviews, vol. 22, n. 4, American Society of Microbiology, ottobre 2009, pp. 690-732, DOI:10.1128/CMR.00018-09, PMID 19822895. PMC 2772366
  12. ^ Pearson M.L., Selby J.V., Katz K.A., Cantrell V., Braden C.R., Parise M.E., Paddock C.D., Lewin-Smith M.R., Kalasinsky V.F., Goldstein F.C., Hightower A.W., Papier A., Lewis B., Motipara S., Eberhard M.L., Clinical, Epidemiologic, Histopathologic and Molecular Features of an Unexplained Dermopathy, in Public Library of Science ONE, vol. 7, n. 1, gennaio 2005, pp. e29908, DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0029908, PMID 22295070. PMC 3266263
  13. ^ Harth W., Hermes B., Freudenmann R.W., Morgellons in dermatology, in Journal of the German Society of Dermatology, vol. 8, n. 4, aprile 2010, pp. 234-42, DOI:10.1111/j.1610-0387.2009.07219.x, PMID 19878403.
  14. ^ Driscoll M.S., Rothe M.J., Grant-Kels J.M., Hale M.S., Delusional parasitosis: a dermatologic, psychiatric, and pharmacologic approach, in Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 29, n. 6, dicembre 1993, pp. 1023-1033, DOI:10.1016/0190-9622(93)70284-Z, PMID 7902366.

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