Parafasìa

Le informazioni riportate non sono consigli medici e potrebbero non essere accurate. I contenuti hanno solo fine illustrativo e non sostituiscono il parere medico: leggi le avvertenze.

Con il termine parafasìa si indica un disturbo del linguaggio che consiste nella sostituzione di termini esatti con altri sbagliati o nel cambiamento d'ordine di sillabe o parole per cui il discorso, nelle forme più gravi del disturbo, risulta di difficile o impossibile comprensione.

Etimologia

Il termine parafasia deriva dalla lingua greca: il prefisso παρά indica somiglianza, vicinanza concettuale, mentre il sostantivo φημη significa parola. Il termine perciò sta letteralmente ad indicare lo scambio di un termine esatto con altri sbagliati ma vicini al termine originario.

Cause

Il disturbo si associa assai spesso all'ictus cerebrale od altri tipi di malattie encefaliche da cause vascolari, ma anche a traumi, malattie degenerative che conducono a demenza[1] o neoplasie cerebrali[2]. Anche il normale invecchiamento e la malattia di Alzheimer si associano a modifiche di elaborazione del linguaggio che possono evolvere in parafasia.[3][4]

Classificazione e caratteristiche cliniche

L'area del linguaggio di Wernicke

La parafasia può essere ulteriormente suddivisa in 3 categorie[5]:

  • parafasie semantiche/fonologiche. Nel primo caso abbiamo la sostituzione di un termine con un altro che a livello semantico appartiene alla stessa categoria, ad esempio pecora invece di capra. Nel caso della parafasia fonologica ad esempio il paziente dice coltello invece che martello.
  • parafasie verbali fonemiche. Il soggetto involontariamente omette, sostituisce, traspone o ripete dei fonemi all'interno di una parola. A titolo di esempio: tigre diviene trighe, corda diviene coda oppure ancora bambino diviene pampino.
  • parafasie neologistiche. In questo caso avviene la sostituzione di una o più lettere all'interno di una parola al punto da rendere il termine non più identificabile. Ad esempio la parola bambino diviene bentino[6][7][8].

Anche nel linguaggio parlato da soggetti normali si possono verificare un numero molto basso di errori parafasici. Le parafasie (ed in particolare le parafasie fonologiche) sono invece di gran lunga più frequenti in caso di afasia di Wernicke e di afasia transcorticale sensoriale.

Diagnosi

La diagnosi viene posta a seguito della valutazione neuropsicologica.

Note

  1. ^ Ash, Sharon (2004). Quantitative analysis of paraphasic errors in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 62.A166
  2. ^ Fearnsides EG. A case of motor dyspraxia and paraphasia: autopsy: tumour in supramarginal convolution. Brain (1915) 37(3-4): 418-432
  3. ^ Manenti R., Repetto C. The effects of ageing and Alzheimer's disease on semantic and gender priming. Brain (2004) 127 (10): 2299-2306.
  4. ^ Chertkow H, Bub D, Seidenberg M. Priming and semantic memory loss in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Lang 1989; 36: 420–46.
  5. ^ Buckingham HW. Phonological paraphasia. In: Code C. The characteristics of aphasia. p.89-110 London. Taylor & Francis
  6. ^ Albert ML, Helm-Estabrooks N. Diagnosis and treatment of aphasia. Part I. JAMA. Feb 19 1988;259(7):1043-7.
  7. ^ Albert ML, Helm-Estabrooks N. Diagnosis and treatment of aphasia. Part II. JAMA. Feb 26 1988;259(8):1205-10.
  8. ^ Martin N., Dell GS. Origins of paraphasias in deep dysphasia: Testing the consequences of a decay impairment to an interactive spreading activation model of lexical retrieval Brain and Language, Vol. 47, No. 4. (1994), pp. 609-660, doi:10.1006/brln.1994.1061

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Controllo di autoritàGND (DE) 4173308-3
  Portale Medicina

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