Paesi di recente industrializzazione

Quella dei Paesi di recente industrializzazione (in inglese Newly industrialized country} o NIC) è una sottocategoria socioeconomica di classificazione di quei Paesi in via di sviluppo la cui crescita economica sia più rapida di quelli della categoria più ampia, e i cui effetti, ad esempio l'urbanizzazione, stiano causando riorganizzazioni sociali di rilievo.

I fattori di rapida industrializzazione sono di natura sia sociale che economica. In molte NIC si sono verificati sovvertimenti sociali quando le popolazioni, dalle zone rurali, sono migrate verso le città, dove le fabbriche potevano trarre molte migliaia di lavoratori. Il flusso migratorio dei contadini verso le zone industrializzate cittadine ha creato manodopera per il settore manifatturiero.

Altri fattori di sviluppo sono:

  • Incremento dei diritti civili del cittadino.
  • Leader politici competenti
  • Trasformazione dell'agricoltura con la spinta del Settore secondario
  • Un sistema economico basato sull'economia di mercato, favorendo il commercio internazionale.
  • Aziende che operano in tutti i continenti.
  • Forte investimento di capitali provenienti da paesi stranieri
  • La leadership politica nella loro zona di influenza.
  • Diminuzione del tasso di povertà.

In accordo con il The Economist molte persone considerano il termine datato ma un nuovo termine deve ancora essere condiviso.[1]

Terminologia

Introdotto nell'uso negli anni 80 del secolo scorso dal economista di Banca Mondiale Antoine van Agtmael[2], il termine è vagamente usato al posto di economie emergenti, ma in realtà significa un fenomeno economico che non può essere completamente descritto con strumenti economici o geografici; tali nazioni sono considerate essere in una fase di transizione tra i paesi in via di sviluppo e le nazioni sviluppate. Esempi di paesi emergenti sono il Brasile,[3], Cina,[4] Colombia, India, Messico, Perù, e parecchi paesi del Sud-est asiatico, alcune nazioni della Europa orientale e nel Medio Oriente, e parti dell'Africa e della America Latina. Enfatizzando la natura fluida di questa categoria, lo scienziato politico Ian Bremmer, definì un mercato emergente come "una nazione ove la politica importa almeno quanto l'economia ai mercati"[5]

Attuali paesi del NIC, stato 2008

Continente Nazione PIL (PPP)
(Milioni di dollari, 2008 IMF)[6]
PIL
Pro capite (Milioni di dollari, 2008 IMF)[7]
Stati per PIL (PPA) pro capite
(Milioni di dollari, 2008 IMF)[8]
Coefficiente di Gini 2006[9] Human
Development
Index (HDI, 2008)[10]
Lista delle nazioni per GDP Lista delle nazioni per GDP pro capite
Africa Sudafrica (bandiera) Sudafrica[11][12][13] 492,684 5,693 10,119 57.8 0.670 (medium) 4.50 4.92
America del Nord Messico (bandiera) Messico[11][12][13][14] 1,548,007 12,235 14,560 46.3 0.842 (high) 3.00 3.30
America del Sud Brasile (bandiera) Brasile[11][12][13][14] 1,981,207 8,197 10,326 54 0.807 (high) 5.70 4.50
Asia Cina (bandiera) Cina[11][12][13] 7,916,429 3,315 5,963 44.7 0.781 (medium) 11.10 9.95
India (bandiera) India[11][12][13] 3,288,345 1,016 2,762 32.5 0.609 (medium) 9.70 7.02
Malaysia (bandiera) Malaysia[11][12][13] 384,119 8,141 14,072 49.2 0.823 (high) 5.40 3.65
Filippine (bandiera) Filippine[11][12][13][14] 320,384 1,866 3,546 44.5 0.745 (medium) 7.50 7.40
Thailandia (bandiera) Thailandia[11][12][13][14] 546,095 4,115 8,225 42 0.786 (medium) 4.40 3.93
Europa Turchia (bandiera) Turchia[11][12][13] 915,184 10,472 13,138 38 0.798 (medium) 5.20 4.10

Note

  1. ^ Acronyms BRIC out all over, in The Economist, 18 settembre 2008. Retrieved on September 21, 2008.
  2. ^ FT.com / Columnists / John Authers - The Long View: How adventurous are emerging markets?
  3. ^ Alternative Stock Library / Looking for Escape? Go Brazil! Archiviato il 22 ottobre 2014 in Internet Archive.
  4. ^ Five Years of China's WTO Membership. EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism, Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Kluwer Law International, Volume 33, Number 3, pp. 263-304, 2006. by Paolo Farah
  5. ^ [1][collegamento interrotto]
  6. ^ IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2009. GDP-PPP figures of selected NIC countries for 2007 and 2008.
  7. ^ IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2009. Nominal GDP per capita figures of selected NIC countries for 2007 and 2008.
  8. ^ IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2009. GDP-PPP per capita figures of selected NIC countries for 2007 and 2008.
  9. ^ Vedi List of countries by income equality for Gini reference. The higher the figure, the higher the inequality.
  10. ^ United Nations report [2]
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mauro F. Guillén, Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor, in The Limits of Convergence, Princeton University Press, 2003, pp. 126 (Table 5.1), ISBN 0-691-11633-4.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i David Waugh, Manufacturing industries (chapter 19), World development (chapter 22), in Geography, An Integrated Approach, 3ª edizione, Nelson Thornes Ltd., 2000, pp. 563, 576–579, 633, and 640, ISBN 0-17-444706-X.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i N. Gregory Mankiw, Principles of Economics, 4ª edizione, 2007, ISBN 0-324-22472-9.
  14. ^ a b c d Paweł Bożyk, Newly Industrialized Countries, in Globalization and the Transformation of Foreign Economic Policy, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd, 2006, p. 164, ISBN 0-7546-4638-6.

±

  1. Collegamenti esterni
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